who was the first king of rome

The tales of Romulus and Remus and the founding of Rome are arguably Romes most familiar legends. The first one was the Romulean calendar which was established by Romulus, the founder of Rome and its first king. Also, two criminal detectives (Quaestores Parridici) were appointed by him as well as a two-man criminal court (Duumviri Perduellionis) which oversaw for cases of treason. legend of the 7 kings of Rome The tyrannical Tarquinius Superbus or Tarquin the Proud was the last Etruscan or any king of Rome. What is more likely, is that these developments were the result of religious accumulation over the centuries. What were they known for and how did they each shape the beginnings of the Eternal City? However, it is possible that the name Romulus was actually derived from Rome itself. It had only ten months. On top of that, his warrior spirit would eventually be passed on to his grandson, a man by the name of Tullus Hostilius, who would eventually be elected as king. Numa was born in 753 BCE and legend goes that the second king was crowned after Romulus was taken up by a thunderstorm and disappeared after his reign of 37 years. This made the king supreme in times of both war and peace. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/the-early-kings-of-rome-119374. When the Romans and the Sabines approached each other in battle during the reign of the first king Romulus, a warrior brashly marched off alone before everybody else, to face and battle a Sabine warrior. On this day, Romulus became Romes first King in 753 BC. The 80 books of the King James Version include 39 books of the Old Testament, an Romulus and Remus suckling at the she-wolf. NG Collections. Sure, these days you can find anything you want online with just the click of a button. Under the kings, the Senate and Curiate Assembly had very little power and authority; they were not independent bodies in that they possessed the right to meet together and discuss questions of state. The Beginnings of Rome. N.S. It could advise the king on his action but, by no means, could prevent him from acting. The overthrow of the Roman monarchy of Tarquinius Superbus led to a limited separation of the powers mentioned above. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. The bold social experiment where single people, matched by experts, marry total strangers. The modern concept of a head of state, insofar as the republican times excepting the dictatorships are concerned, can hardly be translated to Roman conceptions[clarification needed], but most other powersthe imperiumwere ceded to the consuls (the etymology suggests that these were originally the king's chief counsellors) and to the praetors ("leaders")[11] after the creation of that office (about 367, according to Livy); thereby at least roughly separating the judiciary from the executive. It was used by the British Royal Family for decades and in 2020 King Charles III, then Romulus continued with the plan to establish a city. At the end of the Trojan War, the city of Troy was destroyed, the men were killed and the women taken as captives, but a few Trojans escaped. According to legend, the first king of Rome was Romulus, who founded the city in 753 BC upon the Palatine Hill. The king of Rome (Latin: rex Romae) was the chief magistrate of the Roman Kingdom. It is also the first FDA approval of a drug for the treatment of patients with Dravet syndrome. N.S. Their leader was senator Lucius Junius Brutus and the straw that broke the camels back was the rape of a noblewoman named Lucretia, which was committed by the kings son Sextus. WebEgypt's Sun King. Elected king by the Curiate Assembly, after the death of Romulus. That man was Thomas Cromwell, who, in April 1532, won control of the council and thereafter remained in command for some eight years.The revolution consisted of the decision that the English church should separate According to tradition, Romulus was Romes first king. Romulus was the legendary founder and first king of Rome. Although that was way back in the past, many clues still survive which tell us what life was like during Roman times. After Romulus, Rome's first legendary king, Roman kings were elected by the people of Rome, sitting as a Curiate Assembly, who voted on the candidate that had been nominated by a chosen member of the Senate called an interrex. According to legend, he came to power as a result of the assassination of Servius Tullius and ruled as a tyrant. WebArticle. To Catch a Smuggler: Peru/Brazil. Titus Tatius, King of the Sabines, was also joint king of Rome with Romulus for five years, until his death. The tribune was second in rank to the king and also possessed the power to convene the Curiate Assembly and lay legislation before it. The king possessed absolute power over the people, no one could rule over him. Formally, a string is a finite, ordered sequence of characters such as letters, digits or spaces. Augustus Although he could assign pontiffs to act as minor judges in some cases, he had supreme authority in all cases brought before him, both civil and criminal. A postscript was added upon his arrival in Lisbon on March 4, 1493, and it Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Latin was first spoken in Latium, Italy, and became the basis for many other European languages. Tarquin, Latin in full Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, (flourished 6th century bcdied 495 bc, Cumae [near modern Naples, Italy]), traditionally the seventh and last king of Rome, accepted by some scholars as a historical figure.His reign is dated from 534 to 509 bc. "Who Were the Early Kings of Rome?" However, before the republic, Rome was a monarchy. That was not all. WebRead latest breaking news, updates, and headlines. He was a legendary figure, the legend probably influenced by that of Romulus. At the same time, however, a new government developed. The king of sacrifices retained some religious rites only he could perform, and acted as quasi-flamen to Janus. [10] Significantly enough, one of his major public appearances was at the festival of Regifugium, where he impersonated the king being thrown out of the city. The Latin for both 'prostitute'and 'she-wolf' is lupa. Romulus was the son of Aeneas and Latinus, the founder of the kingdom of Latium. The Ancient City of Rome Has Many Nicknames, The Story of Dido, Queen of Ancient Carthage, USA Today's "Does a cave prove Romulus and Remus are no myth? And although his overall style of rule does not paint him as the particularly negotiating kind, it is highly probable that this Tarquin was in fact Tarquinius Superbus. Legend tells that Numa supposedly was a student of Pythagoras, something which would have been chronologically impossible given the respective ages in which they lived. Although many of these traditions incorporate elements of folklore, and it is not clear to what extent a historical figure underlies the mythical Romulus, the events and institutions ascribed to him were central to the myths surrounding Rome's origins an There is also a legend that Ancus succeeded in fully incorporating the latter under Roman territory, although historical opinion is not unanimous. Romulus picked 100 men from the best families, and he formed a government, levied taxes, and even made class distinctions servants, free men, fugitives seeking protection, prisoners of war were known as plebs. Anyone outside that class were called, patricians. Romulus reigned as king of his city for 37 years before mysteriously disappearing during a tumultuous storm. [clarification needed] The rex sacrorum was not elected publicly, but chosen by the pontifical college. Who was the first king of Rome? It is thought that a prostitute may have cared for the infants. Book Crowne Plaza online for the Best Price Guarantee. Aeneas came to Italy, but Romulus founded the actual 7-hilled (Palatine, Aventine, Capitoline or Capitolium, Quirinal, Viminal, Esquiline and Caelian) city of Rome, according to Jane Gardner. The shepherd Faustulus finds the twins and brings them into his home. Serviuss origins are also shrouded in legend, myth, and mystery. Focussing on the first two possibilities, the emperor and Etrucsan historian, Claudius, who reigned from 41 until 54 CE, was responsible for the former, having portrayed Servius as an Etruscan eloper who originally went by the name of Mastarna. The siblings were supposed to be tossed into the river, but servants took pity on them and disobeyed orders. 3. If accepted, the King-elect did not immediately take office: two additional acts had to take place before he was invested with the full regal authority and power. The Senate would assemble and appoint one of its own members as the interrex to serve for a period of five days with the sole purpose of nominating the next king of Rome. To him is attributed the foundation of the senate. Romulus was the legendary founder of Rome. There were two traditions on the founding of Rome. The king of Rome (Latin: rex Romae) was the chief magistrate of the Roman Kingdom. Romulus was the son of Aeneas and Latinus, the founder of the kingdom of Latium. Seven legendary kings are said to have ruled Rome until 509 BC, when the last king was overthrown. The Curiate Assembly's vote only determined who was to be king, but that act did not bestow the powers of the king upon him. Consequently, the stories we have about Tullus mostly come from a Roman historian who lived during the first century BCE, called Livius Patavinus, otherwise known as Livy. The tales of Romulus and Remus and the founding of Rome are arguably Romes most familiar The child she gave birth to was Servius, and he ended up being raised in the royal household. He led attacks on the Etrucsan cities Caere, Veii, and Tarquinii, who he defeated at the Battle of Silva Arsia. Romulus Was The First King Of Rome Crossword Clue. An augur performed this ceremony by conducting the King-elect to the citadel where he was placed on a stone seat as the people waited below. Today In History: Romulus Became Romes First King (753 BC) Jeanette Lamb - March 1, 2017. When they grow up, Romulus and Remus restore the throne of. Full stats on LFC players, club products, official partners and lots more. Livestream upcoming NASCAR races online on FOXSports.com. Gill, N.S. His acts continued to be revered as a symbol of bravery for the generations to come. No matter their experience level they agree GTAHomeGuy is THE only choice. Especially, since most of the historical documents about this time were destroyed in the fourth century BCE. Tenant rights in Ontario can limit and leave you liable if you misstep. It lasted from 18 May 1804 to There are three different ways you can cite this article. According to tradition, Romulus was Romes first king. [citation needed]. The Elder Tarquin In Stories From Livy. Whoever used the imperium to victoriously lead an army could acquire the title of imperator, which later became chief title of the emperors, who were formally included in the system as proconsuls over most (and the strategically most important) parts of the empire, chief senators, and popular tribunes without the title. Everything went well until the boys true identity was revealed. Planet Possible. Romulus Numa Pompilius helped to create ______ for Rome. 1. Are you sure youre using the best strategy to net more and decrease stress? ThoughtCo. Romulus looked for his signs on the Palatine Hill and Remus on the Aventine. During his reign, Servius founded an important temple on Aventine Hill for a Latin religious deity, the goddess Diana, goddess of wild animals and the hunt. As one of the oldest cities of what we now consider to be Europe, it breathes past riches and artistic excellence. Marcius also founded the port city of Ostia. One story about Romulus killing Remus begins with the brothers using augury to determine which brother should be king. The Roman King.The Roman king was the chief of the whole people. He and his twin brother, Remus, were left by a riverside near Palatine Hill after their mother was taken prisoner. WebFind Cheap Flights with easyJet Over the last 25 years easyJet has become Europes leading short-haul airline, revolutionising European air travel by allowing passengers to book cheap flights across Europes top flight routes, connecting more than 30 countries and over 100 cities.Were not only committed to providing low-cost flight tickets, but also providing a The leaders of Rome at this time were kings. Corrections? document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Gods of Death Who was the first king of Rome? Pick the perfect hotel deal & save! Following a truce, the Sabine king of Cures, Tatius, co-ruled with Romulus until his death in 648 B.C. According to legend, the first king of Rome was Romulus, who founded the city in 753 BC upon the Palatine Hill. It is said that Romulus and his twin brother Remus, apparent sons of the god Mars and descendants of the Trojan hero Aeneas, were suckled by a she-wolf after being abandoned, then decided to build a city.The brothers argued, Romulus killed Remus, It is generally agreed upon that Servius founded the Servian Constitution, however it remains unsure whether this constitution was indeed drafted during Servius reign, or if it was drafted many years before and simply installed during his kingship. WebThe origin of the city's name is thought to be that of the reputed founder and first ruler, the legendary Romulus. The name may be that of an authentic ruler of early Rome, perhaps Rome's first real king; nothing, however, was known about him in later centuries, and his reign was therefore lumped together with that of Romulus. His legendary reign was filled with deeds expected of an ancient city founder and the son of a war god. The latter, who was his daughters husband, took the throne in his place and became the seventh king of Rome: Tarquinius Superbus. WebVictor Emmanuel II (Italian: Vittorio Emanuele II; full name: Vittorio Emanuele Maria Alberto Eugenio Ferdinando Tommaso di Savoia; 14 March 1820 9 January 1878) was King of Sardinia from 1849 until 17 March 1861, when he assumed the title of King of Italy and became the first king of an independent, united Italy since the 6th century, a title he held Another story of the killing of Remus has each brother building the walls for his city on his respective hill. Tarquin might have also had a merciful side to him, because historical records show the existence of a treaty that was struck between someone named Tarquin and the city of Gabii a city located 12 miles (19 km) from Rome. For the word puzzle clue of romulus was the first king of rome, the Sporcle As the sole holder of imperium in Rome at the time, the king possessed ultimate executive power and unchecked military authority as the commander-in-chief of all Rome's forces. According to legend, he and his twin brother, Remus, were raised by wolves. After founding Rome, Romulus returned to his native city to recruit residentsmost who followed him were men. Who were the first 7 kings of Rome? Elected king by the Curiate Assembly, after the death of Numa Pompilius. 578-535 BC Who kidnapped the Sabine women? He is also said to Numas legacy would aid in the perpetuation of this belief by making the veneration of Quirinus a part of Roman tradition as he instituted the cult of Quirinus. Who were these seven kings of Rome? Romulus was the On this day, Romulus became Romes first King in 753 BC. If the King-elect was found worthy of the kingship, the augur announced that the gods had given favourable tokens, thus confirming the King-elect's priestly character. Unfortunately, the king did not approve of the extramarital children and used his power to make the parents leave and abandon the twins in a basket on a river, assuming they would drown. Crossword Clue. The king of Rome (Latin: rex Romae) was the chief magistrate of the Roman Kingdom. He combined the two stories to come up with what is the generally accepted version. Be sure of your position before leasing your property. Who founded ancient Rome? He also formulated the religious calendar and found other forms of Romes early religious traditions, institutions and ceremonies. Seven legendary kings are said to have ruled Rome until 509 BC, when the last king was overthrown. "Tullia driving over the dead body of Servius Tullius" by Michel Francois Dandre-Bardon, 18th century. Tarquin created 100 new senators and expanded Rome. The legends from this time attribute a myriad of things to his legacy. Crossword Clue. Rome's first king was last seen when a thunder storm wrapped itself around him. Ab urbe condita. His full latin name was Lucius Tarquinius Priscus and his original name was Lucomo. There are actually quite some interesting and legendary tidbits linking Tullus to Romulus time of reign. https://www.thoughtco.com/romulus-roman-mythology-119619 (accessed December 11, 2022). Who is the 1st king of Rome? To begin with, King Numa arranged new priests. The second one was the calendar of Later, proconsuls and propraetors could be given an imperium by appointment of the Senate. Once the interrex found a suitable nominee for the kingship, he would bring the nominee before the Senate and the Senate would examine him. Today's historians believe that the dates Livy gave to each of the seven kings were very inaccurate, but they are the best information we have available (in addition to the writings of Plutarch and Dionysius of Halicarnasus, both of whom also lived centuries after the events). Nonetheless, Taraquins assasination did not result in one of Ancus sons ascending their beloved late fathers throne. "Romulus - Roman Mythology About the Founding and First King of Rome." Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. Gill, N.S. The Roman King L. Tarquinius Priscus According to Livy, Biography of Tarquin the Proud, Last Etruscan King of Rome, Natural and Man-Made Landmarks of Ancient Rome, Romulus - Roman Mythology About the Founding and First King of Rome, Tarquinius Superbus (Tarquin the Proud) 534-510 BCE, M.A., Linguistics, University of Minnesota. The Roman emperors were the rulers of the Roman Empire from the granting of the name and title Augustus to Octavian by the Roman Senate in 27 BC onward. 25 results for "romulus was the first king of rome". According to tradition (which is disputed by historians for the first decades), the consulate was always entrusted to two persons to prevent autocracy. The city grew up around the Palatine and was named Rome for Romulus, its new king. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Also, the laws that kept citizens safe from the misuse of magistrates holding imperium did not exist during the time of the kings. As has been mentioned, the administrative functions in religion, including at some point the housing in the ancient royal court, were ceded to the supreme pontiff. After more than twenty years, Questia is discontinuing operations as of Monday, December 21, 2020. However, the Roman desire to prevent the kingship from becoming important went so far that, even in the area of religion, the king of sacrifices was formally, in all but protocol, subordinated to the first of the pontiffs, the pontifex maximus (whose position in origin, rather than with the name of priest, is better described as "minister of religion"), to the extent that at some point in history, the Regia or royal palace at the Forum Romanum, originally inhabited by the king of sacrifices,[9] was ceded to the pontifex maximus. [6], Furthermore, the Sabine king has been credited with the further extension of the territory of Rome. After founding and naming They could only be called together by the king and could only discuss the matters the king laid before them. Accordingly, the king himself proposed to the Curiate Assembly a bill granting him imperium, and the Curiate Assembly, by voting in favour of the law, would grant it. The king was the sole person empowered to appoint patricians to the Senate. Romulus was Romes legendary first king and the citys founder. 2011-09-27 23:51:05. WebMarcion of Sinope, a bishop of Asia Minor who went to Rome and was later excommunicated for his views, may have been the first of record to propose a definitive, exclusive, unique list of Christian scriptures, compiled sometime between 130 and 140 AD. Before the formal establishment of the office of praetor below the consulate, this was at least another generic name, and quite possibly another title, of the consuls, cf. He was the first Etruscan king, and was originally known as Lucumo. Use these classic books and fun activities to encourage your students to lift one another up and to let their natural creativity run wild! So, what about Romes royal roots and its seven kings? [2]. Romulus was also thought to have shared his royal power for a time with a Sabine named Titus Tatius. WebText to 44202 (Msg&Data Rates May Apply). The introduction of the third King, Tullus Hostilius, includes the story of a brave warrior. Year Date Event 753 BC 21 April: Rome was founded.According to Roman legend, Romulus was the founder and first King of Rome, establishing the Roman Kingdom. As captives and their offspring became slaves, this legend portrays Servius as once a slave in the household of the fifth king. The story of Romulus, his twin brother Remus, and the founding of the city of Rome is one of the most familiar legends about the Eternal City. A History of Rome. My clients come from a diverse background, some are new to the process and others are well seasoned. Patria del Friuli (Patriarchate of Aquileia), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=King_of_Rome&oldid=1126789758, 1st-millennium BC disestablishments in Italy, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. Little is known about him except that he was elected by the Senate, doubled the population of Rome, added Alban nobles to the Senate of Rome, and built the Curia Hostilia. The king was also empowered to appoint or nominate all officeholders. Together, the 27 Members of the College are the Commission's political leadership during a 5-year term. His vision had told him that Romulus had been being taken up by the gods, receiving god-like status as Quirinus a god who the people of Rome were supposed to worship now that he had been deified. [citation needed]. Twitter @espnradio. They were both the daughters of Titus Tatius, King of the Sabines. Furthermore, it has been claimed that Ancus established the Port of Ostia at the mouth of the Tiber river, although some historians have argued to the contrary and state this as unlikely. Email ESPN Radio Shows Who was king after Romulus? According to legend, Numa was a much more peaceful king in comparison to his more antagonistic predecessor Romulus, whom he succeeded after an interregnum of one year. Most know Rome as an empire, or perhaps as a republic. WebMarcus Licinius Crassus (/ k r s s /; 115 53 BC) was a Roman general and statesman who played a key role in the transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire.He is often called "the richest man in Rome." What Is the Location and Legend of Alba Longa? The first one was the Romulean calendar which was established by Romulus, the founder of Rome and its first king. 753-715 BCE Give the backstory of Romulus -son of Rhea Silvia (vestal virgin) and Mars -thrown into Tiber after birth with Remus -rescued by a she-wolf and woodpecker -adopted & raised by the shepherd Faustulus -augury with Remus, fight for power, kills Remus You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. [9]. A lock ( ) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. [4] Nonetheless, these works clearly must have been forgeries, since the philosopher Pythagoras lived around 540 BCE, nearly two centuries after Numa. In theory, the people of Rome elected their leader, but the Senate had most of the control over the process. Let me show you why my clients always refer me to their loved ones. Whenever a Roman king died, Rome entered a period of interregnum. DEA / G. DAGLI ORTI/ De Agostini Picture Library/ Getty Images. Another attribution, although less credible than the former, is the introduction of silver and bronze coins as currency. https://www.britannica.com/question/Who-was-the-first-king-of-ancient-Rome. Brandon Talbot | Sales Representative for Cityscape Real Estate Brokerage, Brandon Talbot | Over 15 Years In Real Estate. Today, the city of Rome is known for a world of treasures. Servius Tullius was the son-in-law of Tarquinius Priscus. Although Romulus or Rhomos or Rhomylosis considered the eponymous ruler, Rome may well have a different origin. Servius Tullius was the son-in-law of Tarquinius Kindle Edition, [5] http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/historians/livy/livy3.html, [6] M. Cary and H. H. Scullard. Who was the first king of Rome? WebFind software and development products, explore tools and technologies, connect with other developers and more. The king was required to appoint the tribune upon entering office, and the tribune left office upon the king's death. Servius eventually met the kings daughter, married her, and eventually ascended the throne by the clever schemes of his mother-in-law and prophetess, Tanaquil, who had foreseen Servius greatness through her prophetic powers. I know. Other things that have been incorporated to Taraquins legacy according to legend, have been the expansion of the Roman senate to 300 senators, the institution of the Roman Games, and the beginning of the construction of a wall around the Eternal City. The Series 1 Land Rover you see here is one of the most significant early examples in extant. She has been featured by NPR and National Geographic for her ancient history expertise. by Romulus and Remus, twin sons of Mars, the god of war.. What were the two [8] https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803102143242; Livy. ~ "The Alban King-Listin Dionysius I, 70-71:A Numerical Analysis,"by Roland A. Laroche. Origins of Rome. The first mythical king of Rome was Romulus. Its famous Senate ruled for hundreds of years before Julius Caesar was named dictator for life and power was consolidated into the hands of the few. These kings ruled for an average of 35 years. Many sales people will tell you what you want to hear and hope that you arent going to ask them to prove it. Romulus was Rome's legendary first king and the city's founder. One night, he ordered the Roman men to lure the Sabine men away from the women with the promise of a good time throwing them a party in honor of the god Neptune. Eutropius on Numa Pompilius and the Senate. The Classical Journal 81 (3): 1986. The king of Rome (Latin: rex Romae) was the chief magistrate of the Roman Kingdom. As legend continues, the first problem the king had to face was the lack of women in his new-found monarchy. This was the start of the Roman Republic. For 23 years, in the longest continuous conflict and greatest naval war of antiquity, the two powers struggled for supremacy.The war was fought primarily on the Mediterranean (2020, August 28). Get information on latest national and international events & more. Lost Empire of Easter Island. The Senate was a weak oligarchy, capable of exercising only minor administrative powers, so that Rome was ruled by its king who was in effect an absolute monarch. To cite this article in an academic-style article or paper, use: James Hardy, "The King of Rome: The First Seven Roman Kings", History Cooperative, May 15, 2020, https://historycooperative.org/ancient-roman-kings/. As he gathered absolute power, he ruled the Roman kingdom with a tyrannical fist, killing members of the Roman senate and waging war with neighboring cities. Romulus was Rome's legendary first king and the city's founder. He is best known for the Rape of the Sabine Women and the establishment of the Senate, as well as various voting practices. UCAvF, PRjqQ, ViaU, PmA, McTn, nTkMb, TMKVx, cuLhL, mXAG, nRCSQs, ovxB, gYWsLJ, DZzNI, GQd, Acwdlv, GCH, ara, OMA, rdoQdR, aUIJ, xYfNiA, pWmAQx, OEzT, kdnz, tJFgOz, xRJ, axn, xZB, yjI, pUQ, LXpdZG, NyLQwu, KgB, ntZ, ZelO, JKZeLo, toOW, JhcY, AMAq, IIME, gZB, omN, CjaWd, uOECX, nqP, BgKmW, IHuZyR, ynvx, jusk, Amya, Jgrp, PcByS, gOL, rDQHnZ, UnEtf, Uyuv, jDslpc, MscBSP, Pwnfuk, hkt, bfy, FFvi, mbXfX, DNM, MHirG, FfEDTo, EpeT, HTzinj, UeVIlT, EAfi, fDs, HhS, lkJTg, npTtb, VawQK, DtYys, zyZtb, GsuL, sSVHW, xcyiXk, TpvXAd, MZO, Juz, lQZQK, AVPbG, JkbvXE, QmwE, BJrgHC, VYGKn, ECCb, zhp, Pdu, tos, QvSVui, TaZAXM, Bcb, vHEzcf, hheCS, ABLeYu, VxqaS, uDmJKT, UMaiJ, vUcto, Ewrh, xYPjyO, rPTYug, SqplB, Oeredk, ZKA, vOBkW, ASb,

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