Utility of the transcranial doppler in the evaluation and follow-up of children with Sturge-Weber Syndrome. 10.1097/01.icu.0000143683.14738.76. Large exophytic, pink, lobulated mass over the nose with superficial vascular dilation. Updates and future horizons on the understanding, diagnosis and treatment of Sturge-Weber syndrome brain involvement. Del Rosso JQ: Update on rosacea pathogenesis and correlation with medical therapeutic agents. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. Requests, Sales Because the face and scalp are common locations, the nose is also often affected by vascular tumors of different origins. Arch Dermatol Res. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. Shunts used to treat DWM have a moderate-to-good success rate, but they have a higher-than-average failure rate, which can result in failure to reduce the intracranial pressure or infection, such as meningitis. Therefore, treatment of hemangiomas of the nose should be started early to prevent possible complications. Share cases and questions with Physicians on Medscape Consult. Neurofibromatosis type 1. Lundt HZ: How often does squamous cell carcinoma of the skin metastasize?. [5][6], DWM is usually caused by a ciliopathic or chromosomal genetic condition, though the causative condition is only identified in around half of those diagnosed before birth[6] and a third of those diagnosed after birth. Different therapy modalities such as electrocoagulation, cryosurgery, shave excision and dermabrasion have all been described. Low-dose aspirin has led to a reduction in the frequency of seizures and stroke-like episodes. The parotid gland is the "metastatic basin" for cutaneous SCC of the head and neck because it drains via lymphatic vessels on the nose, cheek and forehead [155]. Fifteen of these patients also had oral-facial KS and 13 showed a prominent tip-of-the-nose KS lesion. Br J Dermatol. Neurofibromatosis types 1 and 2: cranial MR findings. Histologically, eosinophilia and patterns of leukocytoclastic vasculitis are characteristic. Rowe DE, Raymond JC, Day CL: Mohs' surgery is the treatment of choice for recurrent basal cell carcinoma. 1991, 17: 876-879. 10.1001/archderm.106.1.73. Concise, readable, and up to date, Nelson Essentials of Pediatrics, 9th Edition, provides the must-know information you need in pediatrics from the name you trust. When something goes wrong with a part of your nervous system, you can have trouble moving, speaking, swallowing, breathing, or learning. Multiple small papules. Furthermore, it is important to remember that ocular rosacea is a potentially blinding eye disorder common in patients with rosacea (6-18% of rosacea patients) [99]. Ghosh SK, Bandyopadhyay D, Chatterjee G, Ghosh A, Sarkar S, Sarkar S: Mucocutaneous changes in tuberous sclerosis complex: A clinical profile of 27 Indian patients. [13], The prognosis is first and foremost dependent on the early and successful treatment of hydrocephalus, if present. This long period of development of the cerebellar vermis makes it particularly vulnerable to disruptions. Las capas superior e inferior de la piel Los nervios del cerebro (pares craneales) y la mdula espinal (nervios o pares raqudeos) This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Belisario JC: Brief review of keratoacanthomas and description of keratoacanthoma centrifugum marginatum, another variety of keratoacanthoma. [5], A genetic condition is identified in around 33% of those diagnosed with DWM after birth. 10.1111/j.1346-8138.2008.00436.x. Stafstrom CE, Staedtke V, Comi. 2. [7][6] In 1989, Barkovich et al. Edited by: Elder D, Elenistsas R, Jaworsky C, Johnson B Jr. 1997, Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 685-746. In 1999, Calabr et al. Arch Dermatol. Excisions of the cyst in DWM have not been able to show whether impaired arachnoid absorption is involved, since the subarachnoid space always takes days to weeks to fill up following excision. Skin lesions can be treated with a long-pulsed Nd: YAG laser, flash-pumped dye laser or an IPL system. Print Book & E-Book. Furthermore, injuries, particularly to the perichondrium of the cartilaginous skeleton of the nose, need to be avoided under all circumstances to prevent nasal flaring. Wu JK, Siller G, Whitehead K: Treatment of Bowen's disease and basal cell carcinoma of the nose with imiquimod 5% cream. When they appear in abundance, spider nevi can be a clinical sign of heavy liver illness or carcinoid syndrome. However, the conditional approval Amylyx received in June is reliant on the outcome of PHOENIX. [6][35] Shunts in the fourth ventricle (cystoperitoneal shunts, or CP shunts) have a generally high rate of successful cyst and ventricle size reduction, especially in the cyst (at least 80%). Tumors or cardiovascular complications are the most common causes of mortality 8. It has been proposed to be due to a delayed rupture of Blake's pouch rather than a failed rupture. 10.1002/ajmg.1320420115. DS: Edited the manuscript, revised the bibliography and helped prepare the draft. 2001, 27: 201-202. Eccrine hydrocystoma. 2004, 15: 499-502. Gupta S, Handa U, Handa S, Mohan H: The efficacy of electrosurgery and excision in treating patients with multiple apocrine hidrocystomas. Following submission of updated data analyses and new biomarker data from the manufacturer and an aggressive campaign by patients with ALS and associated advocates, the FDA delayed its final ruling on the drug's approval and reconvened the panel for a rare second review in early September, as reported by Medscape Medical News. By using this website, you agree to our Lasers Med Sci. [5][6][12] However, they remain commonly used. 1993, 7: 431-445. 10.1046/j.1524-4725.2001.00210.x. J Dermatol Treat. Dev Med Child Neurol. The recent WHO classification of cutaneous vascular tumors differentiates between benign vascular tumors, intermediate vascular tumors, tumors of lymph vessels and tumors of perivascular cells. Jung H: Rhinophyma: plastic surgery, rehabilitation, and long-term results. Sturge-Weber Syndrome. 10.1002/ijc.1440. 2006, 20: 87-90. Standard topical therapy includes metronidazole 0.75% or 1% gel. A copy of the written consent is available for review by the Editor-in-Chief of this journal. [6][18] Untreated hydrocephalus can lead to increased intracranial pressure and brain damage. SWS may be classified as a neurocutaneous syndrome or one of the phakomatoses. Article Navigation. 1983, 119: 761-773. Fortman BJ, Kuszyk BS, Urban BA et-al. Kilty S, Brownrigg P: Surgical treatment of rhinophyma. Jeevankumar B, Thappa DM: Unusual presentation of basal cell carcinoma on face. Another factor is that FDA approval does not require the company to complete the trial. Please enter a Recipient Address and/or check the Send me a copy checkbox. Every chapter is written by acclaimed experts who, with the oversight of our editors, provide definitive, unbiased advice on the diagnosis and treatment of thousands of However, because each port-wine birthmark is dissimilar (e.g., they vary in size, diameter, distribution and depth), the most effective therapy for one person will not be the same for another person and no one form of laser therapy is effective for all affected individuals. Initially described in a case report, this has recently been confirmed in larger studies (> 100 patients) [76, 77]. Arch Dermatol. In addition to its role as a potent carcinogen, UV-A is responsible for damage to the collagen structure, leading to accelerated skin aging [6]. 10.3810/pgm.2009.09.2066. Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), also known as von Recklinghausen disease, is a multisystem neurocutaneous disorder, the most common phakomatosis, and a RASopathy. Despite this high percentage of spontaneous self-healing, there are still a variety of situations where therapy is indicated. 2007, 49: 67-70. Early imaging in infants has low sensitivity and needs to be repeated after a year to exclude SWS brain involvement. CAS Individuals who have neurological abnormalities, but do not have a port-wine birthmark generally do not develop eye problems, but can have cortical blindness presenting as visual field deficits. Multiple closed comedos at the nasolabial fold and the alar of the nose. Staff. This fully revised edition continues to provide the breadth and depth of knowledge you expect from Nelson, while also keeping you up to date with new advances in the science and art of pediatric This may still be reserved for patients with repeated shunt failures/infections. Bookmarks, highlights and notes sync across all your devices. J Am Acad Dermatol. To comment please, Comments on Medscape are moderated and should be professional in tone and on topic. Micrographic surgery according to the Tuebingen cake technique has been studied by Jahn and colleagues [115]. Departments of Neuroscience and Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA self-limited epilepsy syndromes, abnormal head size or neurological exam findings. [12], In DandyWalker variant (DWV) and mega cisterna magna specifically, which are less severe malformations, there appears to be an increased rate of psychotic spectrum disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, mania or catatonia. Available at:http://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/Disease_Search.php?lng=EN&data_id=591&Disease_Disease_Search_diseaseGroup=Sturge-Weber-Syndrome-&Disease_Disease_Search_diseaseType=Pat&Disease(s)/group%20of%20diseases=Sturge-Weber-syndrome&title=Sturge-Weber-syndrome&search=Disease_Search_SimpleAccessed August 23, 2021. Copyright 2021 NORD - National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. All rights reserved. The PDF can be easily access at the last part of this article. From rapidly changing diagnostic and treatment protocols to new technologies to the wide range of biologic, psychologic, and social problems faced by children today, this comprehensive 2-volume reference keeps you on the cutting edge of the very best in pediatric care. However, current randomized trial evidence has recently shown to be insufficient in addressing optimal excision margins for primary cutaneous melanomas [119]. Google Scholar. [6] Signs of hydrocephalus in infants include increasing head size, vomiting, excessive sleepiness, irritability, downward deviation of the eyes (known as "sunsetting eyes") and seizures. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-160X-6-7, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-160X-6-7. For problems or suggestions regarding this site, please visit our Support Hub. Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Dermatologic Surgery Unit, Ruhr-University Bochum, Gudrunstr. Rev Neurol Dis. 2020:110: 80-86. Dapsone therapy should be evaluated critically as the results are moderate, and the course of the disease is benign. 2002, 3: 489-496. Learn more. 2016 May;58:12-24.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27268758, Kaplan EH, Kossoff EH, Bachur CD, Gholston M, Hahn J, Widlus M, Comi AM. 10.1001/archfacial.2008.543. [6], The impairment to CSF flow may lie beyond the outlets of the fourth ventricle. Kelli Whitlock Burton is a reporter for Medscape Medical News covering neurology and psychiatry. 2009, 4: CD004835-. It shows a tendency to bleed with minimal trauma. The lesion consists of a firm, cone-shaped nodule (1-3 cm in diameter) with a central horn-filled crater. Edited by: Burget GC, Menick FJ. 1994, 189: 52-54. 7). 10.1111/j.1365-2230.2007.02676.x. Pediatrics Szaflarski JP, Bebin EM, Comi AM, Patel AD, Joshi C, Checketts D, & Weinstock A. . Updated: Dec 26, 2018. A diagnosis of SWS is based upon identification of characteristic symptoms (e.g. A single-photon emission computed tomography scan (SPECT), which is a specialized CT scan, can reveal areas of involvement in the brain that may not show in MRI or traditional CT scans. PubMed Welcome to the 21st Edition of Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics the reference of choice among pediatricians, pediatric residents, and others involved in the care of young patients. Dauer EH, Lewis JE, Rohlinger AL, Weaver AL, Olsen KD: Sinonasal melanoma: A clinicopathological review of 61 cases. It is a genetic disorder due to a germline mutation in the NF1 gene. VP: Searched the literature, photography and helped edit the manuscript. 10.1038/nm1616. Infantile hemangioma. ADVERTISEMENT: Supporters see fewer/no ads, Please Note: You can also scroll through stacks with your mouse wheel or the keyboard arrow keys. Examining your childs skull, brain and facial structure with an MRI or CT scan can help clarify the diagnosis. [6][12] Klein's criteria differed from Spennato's mainly in that it required no apparent cerebellar hemisphere hypoplasia, but it may also have required the vermis to touch the tentorium or an absence of brainstem abnormalities. 10.1590/S0365-05962006000400008. Skin diseases on the nose are seen in a variety of medical disciplines. J Am Acad Dermatol. [5] It is sometimes discovered in adolescents or adults due to mental health problems. Most of the time, your physician can identify a craniofacial abnormality by examination alone. The pulse generator is similar to a pacemaker and transmits mild, electrical impulses to the brain via the vagus nerve. 2008, 61: 410-412. Malfunction of the gene results in multisystem manifestations involving the skin, central 1872, 4: 265-273. 2000, 42: 127-128. 10.1001/archderm.116.9.1073. Sebold AJ, Day AM, Ewen J, Adamek J, Byars A. Cohen B, & Comi AM. Childers BJ, Goldwyn RM, Ramos D, Chaffey J, Harris JR: Long-term results of irradiation for basal cell carcinoma of the skin of the nose. In patients having undergone renal transplants and immunosuppression, the incidence has been 18 times greater than in healthy individuals [149]. Therapy involves surgical excision by cold steel, similar to the procedure performed for cutaneous melanomas at other locations on the body. J Dermatol. Garbe C, Hauschild A, Volkenandt M, Schadendorf D, Stolz W, Reinhold U, Kortmann RD, Kettelhack C, Frerich B, Keilholz U, Dummer R, Sebastian G, Tilgen W, Schuler G, Mackensen A, Kaufmann R: Leitlinie malignes Melanom Vers 15. 2001, 27: 382-384. Dermatol Surg. 1996, 106: 176-182. The lower extremities of the skin (especially the soles of the feet) and the head and neck are typically involved. Kaneko H, Kondo N: Clinical features of Bloom syndrome and function of the causative gene, BLM helicase. In patients with severe or uncontrolled seizures, cognitive impairments are common. 14). This usually presents within the first year of life (85% of the time), most often within the first 3 months. Horio T, Horio O, Miyauchi-Hashimoto H, Ohnuki M, Isei T: Photodynamic therapy of sebaceous hyperplasia with topical 5-aminolaevulinic acid and slide projector. 2010;92:240-243.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20934305, Miller RS, Ball KL, Comi AM, Germain-Lee EL. These symptoms are consistent with a related rare disorder known as Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome (KTS) and most children with these findings are classified as having KTS. When they appear in abundance, telangiectasias on the nose can hint toward heavy liver illnesses or carcinoid syndrome. Neurocutaneous syndromes or phakomatoses are broad terms for groups of disorders in which growths develop in the skin, brain, spinal cord, bones and sometimes other organs of the body. Pediatric Neurology. 2004, 17: 225-229. 2012;54:214-223.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3805257/, Bay MJ, Kossoff EH, Lehmann CU, Zabel TA, Comi AM. Information on current clinical trials is posted on the Internet atwww.clinicaltrials.gov. Flaps and grafts in dermatologic surgery. 10.1288/00005537-198203000-00017. Clinically, dark red, purple or violaceous plaques and nodules can be seen [Fig. Available at:http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1177523-overviewAccessed August 23, 2021. [6], A 2017 review found that most patients (65%) were diagnosed with either "DandyWalker malformation" or "DandyWalker syndrome", while 20% were diagnosed with "DandyWalker variant" and 1.1% with "mega cisterna magna". 2008, 37: 269-272. About half of those with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) have an inherited mutation of the NF1 gene on chromosome 17. 10.1002/jso.2930390102. This less invasive procedure creates an artificial hole in the third ventricle to allow CSF to bypass any obstruction. 34 (12): 2250. Sand, M., Sand, D., Thrandorf, C. et al. Nasal involvement can result in nasal deformity (Cyrano nose deformity) or the impairment of nasal breathing [71]. [6] Cysts posterior to the cerebellum, presenting in children younger than 5 years, have been labeled developmental retrocerebellar cysts under a new classification in relation to the proposed neuroendoscopic management. The risk increases to 20-50% when the port-wine birthmark is on the forehead, temple region or upper part of the face. Nevertheless, as SCC can masquerade as keratoacanthoma, surgical excision with an excision margin of 2-3 mm is recommended [106]. J Clin Oncol. proposed the term DandyWalker complex (DWC) to include classic DWM and DWV (under type A) plus a third malformation (under type B) in which the cerebellar vermis remains large enough to sit between the fourth ventricle and the cisterna magna, and instead it is mostly the cisterna magna that is enlarged (sometimes diagnosed as "mega cisterna magna"). Data from suicidality risk assessment suggests that sex differences may be significant in SWS outcomes. A large number of genetic conditions can result in the anomaly. Leitlinien der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft (DDG): Mikroskopisch kontrollierte Chirurgie (MKC). Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. The disease primarily is a hamartomatous disorder that involves the ectoderm and mesoderm. SWI is particularly effective at evaluating venous structures in the brain. It also received broader latitude to consider the unmet medical need and lethality of ALS. Staff. Koeller KK, Rushing EJ. Regardless of the method employed, it is important to respect the delicate anatomy of the nose. 2009, 121: 178-186. The first name of this condition was von Recklinghausen disease because in 1882, Friedrichvon Recklinghausendescribed cases of neurofibromatosis and recognized it as a nosological entity 14. Persistent erythema and telangiectasia might respond to pulsed dye laser (PDL) and intense pulsed light (IPL) treatments [98]. 10.4103/0974-2077.44166. Stage II, rosacea papulopustulosa (vascular rosacea), is characterized by persistent facial erythema, telangiectasia, thickened skin, papules and pustules (Fig 9). The growth phase, which can either be gradual or rapid, is usually six months long and is followed by a longer involution phase of 6-12 months [67, 68]. Some are skin-colored; the larger papules are dark ("hydrocystome noire"). Correspondence to It can occur solitarily (frequent) or with multiple lesions (rare). [6], Aqueductal stenosis (narrowing of the passage between the third and fourth ventricles) does not seem to be a factor in DWM. Complications from overdrainage such as subdural haematomas are also possible and can lead to mortality. Stigmata of neurocutaneous syndromes (eg neurofibromatosis and tuberous sclerosis) Increasing head circumference; New focal abnormalities ; Signs of raised ICP (papilloedema, altered mental state, ataxia) Signs of meningism (photophobia, neck stiffness) Aesthetic reconstruction of the nose. Pigmented BCC can mimic melanoma upon clinical examination and usually occurs in sun-exposed areas [Fig. 1. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. Hoffmann M, Braun-Falco M: Rhinophyma-like sebaceous carcinoma. VitalSource Bookshelf gives you access to content when, where, and how you want. [6], It is known that once hydrocephalus has started, the compression by the posterior fossa cyst against the venous passages in the arachnoid mater is involved in the worsening pathology. Burget GC, Menick FJ: Aesthetics, visual perception, and surgical judgment. PART IThe Field of Pediatrics1 Overview Of Pediatrics2 Child Health Disparities3 Global Child Health4 Quality And Value In Healthcare For Children5 Safety In Healthcare For Children6 Ethics In Pediatric Care7 Pediatric Palliative Care8 Domestic And International Adoption9 Foster And Kinship Care10 Medical Evaluation Of The Foreign-Born Child11 Cultural Issues In Pediatric Care12 Maximizing ChildrenS Health: Screening, Anticipatory Guidance, And Counseling13 Injury Control14 Impact Of Violence On Children15 Child Trafficking For Sex And Labor16 Abused And Neglected Children17 Strategies For Health Behavior Change, PART IIGrowth, Development, and Behavior18 Developmental And Behavioral Theories19 Positive Parenting And Support20 Assessment Of Fetal Growth And Development21 The Newborn22 The First Year23 The Second Year24 The Preschool Years25 Middle Childhood26 Adolescence27 Assessment Of Growth28 Developmental And Behavioral Surveillance And Screening29 Childcare30 Loss, Separation, And Bereavement31 Sleep Medicine, PART IIIBehavioral and Psychiatric Disorders32 Psychosocial Assessment And Interviewing33 Psychopharmacology34 Psychotherapy And Psychiatric Hospitalization35 Somatic Symptom And Related Disorders36 Rumination And Pica37 Motor Disorders And Habits38 Anxiety Disorders39 Mood Disorders40 Suicide And Attempted Suicide41 Eating Disorders42 Disruptive, Impulse-Control, And Conduct Disorders43 Tantrums And Breath-Holding Spells44 Lying, Stealing, And Truancy45 Aggression46 Self-Injurious Behavior47 Childhood Psychoses, PART IVLearning and Developmental Disorders48 Neurodevelopmental And Executive Function And Dysfunction49 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder50 Dyslexia51 Math And Writing Disabilities52 Language Development And Communication Disorders53 Developmental Delay And Intellectual Disability54 Autism Spectrum Disorder, PART VNutrition55 Nutritional Requirements56 Feeding Healthy Infants, Children, And Adolescents57 Nutrition, Food Security, And Health58 Refeeding Syndrome59 Malnutrition60 Overweight And Obesity61 Vitamin A Deficiencies And Excess62 Vitamin B Complex Deficiencies And Excess63 Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) Deficiency And Excess64 Vitamin D Deficiency (Rickets) And Excess65 Vitamin E Deficiency66 Vitamin K Deficiency67 Micronutrient Mineral Deficiencies, PART VIFluid and Electrolyte Disorders68 Electrolyte And Acid-Base Disorders69 Maintenance And Replacement Therapy70 Deficit Therapy71 Fluid And Electrolyte Treatment Of Specific Disorders, PART VIIPediatric Drug Therapy72 Pediatric Pharmacogenetics, Pharmacogenomics, And Pharmacoproteomics73 Principles Of Drug Therapy74 Anesthesia And Perioperative Care75 Procedural Sedation76 Pediatric Pain Management77 Poisoning78 Complementary Therapies And Integrative Medicine, PART VIIIEmergency Medicine and Critical Care79 Emergency Medical Services For Children80 Triage Of The Acutely Ill Child81 Pediatric Emergencies And Resuscitation82 Acute Care Of Multiple Trauma83 Spinal Cord Injuries In Children84 Care Of Abrasions And Minor Lacerations85 Neurologic Emergencies And Stabilization86 Brain Death87 Syncope88 Shock89 Respiratory Distress And Failure90 Altitude-Associated Illness In Children (Acute Mountain Sickness)91 Drowning And Submersion Injury92 Burn Injuries93 Cold Injuries, PART IXHuman Genetics94 Integration Of Genetics Into Pediatric Practice95 The Genetic Approach In Pediatric Medicine96 The Human Genome97 Patterns Of Genetic Transmission98 Cytogenetics99 Genetics Of Common Disorders100 Epigenome-Wide Association Studies And Disease101 Genetic Approaches To Rare And Undiagnosed Diseases, PART XMetabolic Disorders102 An Approach To Inborn Errors Of Metabolism103 Defects In Metabolism Of Amino Acids104 Defects In Metabolism Of Lipids105 Defects In Metabolism Of Carbohydrates106 Mitochondrial Disease Diagnosis107 Mucopolysaccharidoses108 Disorders Of Purine And Pyrimidine Metabolism109 Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome (Progeria)110 The Porphyrias111 Hypoglycemia, PART XIThe Fetus and the Neonatal Infant112 Overview Of Mortality And Morbidity113 The Newborn Infant114 High-Risk Pregnancies115 The Fetus116 Fetal Intervention And Surgery117 The High-Risk Infant118 Transport Of The Critically Ill Newborn119 Clinical Manifestations Of Diseases In The Newborn Period120 Nervous System Disorders121 Neonatal Resuscitation And Delivery Room Emergencies122 Respiratory Tract Disorders123 Digestive System Disorders124 Blood Disorders125 The Umbilicus126 Abstinence Syndromes127 The Endocrine System128 Dysmorphology129 Epidemiology Of Infections130 Healthcare-Acquired Infections131 Congenital And Perinatal Infections, PART XIIAdolescent Medicine132 Adolescent Physical And Social Development133 Gender And Sexual Identity134 Gay, Lesbian, And Bisexual Adolescents135 Transgender Care136 The Epidemiology Of Adolescent Health Problems137 Delivery Of Health Care To Adolescents138 Transitioning To Adult Care139 Violent Behavior140 Substance Abuse141 The Breast142 Menstrual Problems143 Contraception144 Adolescent Pregnancy145 Adolescent Sexual Assault146 Sexually Transmitted Infections147 Chronic Overlapping Pain Conditions, PART XIIIImmunologySection 1 EVALUATION OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM148 Evaluation Of Suspected ImmunodeficiencySection 2 THE T-, B-, AND NK-CELL SYSTEMS149 Lymphocyte Development And Function150 Primary Defects Of Antibody Production151 Primary Defects Of Cellular Immunity152 Immunodeficiencies Affecting Multiple Cell TypesSection 3 THE PHAGOCYTIC SYSTEM153 Neutrophils154 Monocytes, Macrophages, And Dendritic Cells155 Eosinophils156 Disorders Of Phagocyte Function157 Leukopenia158 LeukocytosisSection 4 THE COMPLEMENT SYSTEM159 Complement Components And Pathways160 Disorders Of The Complement SystemSection 5 HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION161 Principles And Clinical Indications Of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation162 Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation From Alternative Sources And Donors163 Graft-Versus-Host Disease, Rejection, And Venoocclusive Disease164 Infectious Complications Of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation165 Late Effects Of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, PART XIVAllergic Disorders166 Allergy And The Immunologic Basis Of Atopic Disease167 Diagnosis Of Allergic Disease168 Allergic Rhinitis169 Childhood Asthma170 Atopic Dermatitis (Atopic Eczema)171 Insect Allergy172 Ocular Allergies173 Urticaria (Hives) And Angioedema174 Anaphylaxis175 Serum Sickness176 Food Allergy And Adverse Reactions To Foods177 Adverse Reactions To Drugs, PART XVRheumatic Diseases of Childhood (Connective Tissue Disease, Collagen Vascular Diseases)178 Evaluation Of Suspected Rheumatic Disease179 Treatment Of Rheumatic Diseases180 Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis181 Ankylosing Spondylitis And Other Spondyloarthritides182 Reactive And Postinfectious Arthritis183 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus184 Juvenile Dermatomyositis185 Scleroderma And Raynaud Phenomenon186 Behet Disease187 Sjgren Syndrome188 Hereditary Periodic Fever Syndromes And Other Systemic Autoinflammatory Diseases189 Amyloidosis190 Sarcoidosis191 Kawasaki Disease192 Vasculitis Syndromes193 Musculoskeletal Pain Syndromes194 Miscellaneous Conditions Associated With Arthritis, PART XVIInfectious DiseasesSection 1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS195 Diagnostic Microbiology196 The Microbiome And Pediatric HealthSection 2 PREVENTIVE MEASURES197 Immunization Practices198 Infection Prevention And Control199 Childcare And Communicable Diseases200 Health Advice For Children Traveling Internationally201 Fever202 Fever Without A Focus In The Neonate And Young Infant203 Fever In The Older Child204 Fever Of Unknown Origin205 Infections In Immunocompromised Persons206 Infection Associated With Medical DevicesSection 3 ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY207 Principles Of Antibacterial TherapySection 4 GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIALSection 4 GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS208 Staphylococcus209 Streptococcus Pneumoniae (Pneumococcus)210 Group A Streptococcus211 Group B Streptococcus212 NonGroup A Or B Streptococci213 Enterococcus214 Diphtheria (Corynebacterium Diphtheriae)215 Listeria Monocytogenes216 Actinomyces217 NocardiaSection 5 GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIALSection 5 GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS218 Neisseria Meningitidis (Meningococcus)219 Neisseria Gonorrhoeae (Gonococcus)220 Kingella Kingae221 Haemophilus Influenzae222 Chancroid (Haemophilus Ducreyi)223 Moraxella Catarrhalis224 Pertussis (Bordetella Pertussis And Bordetella Parapertussis)225 Salmonella226 Shigella227 Escherichia Coli228 Cholera229 Campylobacter230 Yersinia231 Aeromonas And Plesiomonas232 Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, And Stenotrophomonas233 Tularemia (Francisella Tularensis)234 Brucella235 Legionella236 BartonellaSection 6 ANAEROBIC BACTERIALSection 6 ANAEROBIC BACTERIAL INFECTIONS237 Botulism (Clostridium Botulinum)238 Tetanus (Clostridium Tetani)239 Clostridium Difficile Infection240 Other Anaerobic InfectionsSection 7 MYCOBACTERIAL INFECTIONS241 Principles Of Antimycobacterial Therapy242 Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium Tuberculosis)243 Hansen Disease (Mycobacterium Leprae)244 Nontuberculous MycobacteriaSection 8 SPIROCHETAL INFECTIONS245 Syphilis (Treponema Pallidum)246 Nonvenereal Treponemal Infections247 Leptospira248 Relapsing Fever (Borrelia)249 Lyme Disease (Borrelia Burgdorferi)Section 9 MYCOPLASMAL INFECTIONS250 Mycoplasma Pneumoniae251 Genital Mycoplasmas (Mycoplasma Hominis, Mycoplasma Genitalium, And Ureaplasma Urealyticum)Section 10 CHLAMYDIAL INFECTIONS252 Chlamydia Pneumoniae253 Chlamydia Trachomatis254 Psittacosis (Chlamydia Psittaci)Section 11 RICKETTSIAL INFECTIONS255 Spotted Fever Group Rickettsioses256 Scrub Typhus (Orientia Tsutsugamushi)257 Typhus Group Rickettsioses258 Ehrlichiosis And Anaplasmosis259 Q Fever (Coxiella Burnetii)Section 12 FUNGAL INFECTIONS260 Principles Of Antifungal Therapy261 Candida262 Cryptococcus Neoformans And Cryptococcus Gattii263 Malassezia264 Aspergillus265 Histoplasmosis (Histoplasma Capsulatum)266 Blastomycosis (Blastomyces Dermatitidis And Blastomyces Gilchristii)267 Coccidioidomycosis (Coccidioides Species)268 Paracoccidioides Brasiliensis269 Sporotrichosis (Sporothrix Schenckii)270 Mucormycosis271 Pneumocystis JiroveciiSection 13 VIRAL INFECTIONS272 Principles Of Antiviral Therapy273 Measles274 Rubella275 Mumps276 Polioviruses277 Nonpolio Enteroviruses278 Parvoviruses279 Herpes Simplex Virus280 Varicella-Zoster Virus281 Epstein-Barr Virus282 Cytomegalovirus283 Roseola (Human Herpesviruses 6 And 7)284 Human Herpesvirus 8285 Influenza Viruses286 Parainfluenza Viruses287 Respiratory Syncytial Virus288 Human Metapneumovirus289 Adenoviruses290 Rhinoviruses291 Coronaviruses292 Rotaviruses, Caliciviruses, And Astroviruses293 Human Papillomaviruses294 Arboviral Infections295 Dengue Fever, Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever, And Severe Dengue296 Yellow Fever297 Ebola And Other Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers298 Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus299 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome300 Rabies301 Polyomaviruses302 Human Immunodeficiency Virus And Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome303 Human T-Lymphotropic Viruses (1 And 2)304 Transmissible Spongiform EncephalopathiesSection 14 ANTIPARASITIC THERAPY305 Principles Of Antiparasitic TherapySection 15 PROTOZOAN DISEASES306 Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis307 Amebiasis308 Giardiasis And Balantidiasis309 Cryptosporidium, Cystoisospora, Cyclospora, And Microsporidia310 Trichomoniasis (Trichomonas Vaginalis)311 Leishmaniasis (Leishmania)312 African Trypanosomiasis (Sleeping Sickness; Trypanosoma Brucei Complex)313 American Trypanosomiasis (Chagas Disease; Trypanosoma Cruzi)314 Malaria (Plasmodium)315 Babesiosis (Babesia)316 Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma Gondii)Section 16 HELMINTHIC DISEASES317 Ascariasis (Ascaris Lumbricoides)319 Trichuriasis (Trichuris Trichiura)320 Enterobiasis (Enterobius Vermicularis)321 Strongyloidiasis (Strongyloides Stercoralis)322 Lymphatic Filariasis (Brugia Malayi, Brugia Timori, And Wuchereria Bancrofti)323 Other Tissue Nematodes324 Toxocariasis (Visceral And Ocular Larva Migrans)325 Trichinellosis (Trichinella Spiralis)326 Schistosomiasis (Schistosoma)327 Flukes (Liver, Lung, And Intestinal)328 Adult Tapeworm Infections329 Cysticercosis330 Echinococcosis (Echinococcus Granulosus And Echinococcus Multilocularis) 1897 Volume, PART XVIIThe Digestive SystemSection 1 CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE331 Normal Digestive Tract Phenomena332 Major Symptoms And Signs Of Digestive Tract DisordersSection 2 THE ORAL CAVITY333 Development And Developmental Anomalies Of The Teeth334 Disorders Of The Oral Cavity Associated With Other Conditions335 Malocclusion336 Cleft Lip And Palate337 Syndromes With Oral Manifestations338 Dental Caries339 Periodontal Diseases340 Dental Trauma341 Common Lesions Of The Oral Soft Tissues342 Diseases Of The Salivary Glands And Jaws343 Diagnostic Radiology In Dental AssessmentSection 3 THE ESOPHAGUS344 Embryology, Anatomy, And Function Of The Esophagus345 Congenital Anomalies346 Obstructing And Motility Disorders Of The Esophagus347 Dysmotility348 Hiatal Hernia349 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease350 Eosinophilic Esophagitis, Pill Esophagitis, And Infective Esophagitis351 Esophageal Perforation352 Esophageal Varices353 IngestionsSection 4 STOMACH AND INTESTINES354 Normal Development, Structure, And Function Of The Stomach And Intestines355 Pyloric Stenosis And Other Congenital Anomalies Of The Stomach356 Intestinal Atresia, Stenosis, And Malrotation357 Intestinal Duplications, Meckel Diverticulum, And Other Remnants Of The Omphalomesenteric Duct358 Motility Disorders And Hirschsprung Disease359 Ileus, Adhesions, Intussusception, And Closed-Loop Obstructions360 Foreign Bodies And Bezoars361 Peptic Ulcer Disease In Children362 Inflammatory Bowel Disease363 Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis364 Disorders Of Malabsorption365 Intestinal Transplantation In Children With Intestinal Failure366 Acute Gastroenteritis In Children367 Chronic Diarrhea368 Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders369 Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome370 Acute Appendicitis371 Surgical Conditions Of The Anus And Rectum372 Tumors Of The Digestive Tract373 Inguinal HerniasSection 5 EXOCRINE PANCREAS374 Embryology, Anatomy, And Physiology Of The Pancreas375 Pancreatic Function Tests376 Disorders Of The Exocrine Pancreas377 Treatment Of Pancreatic Insufficiency378 Pancreatitis379 Pancreatic Fluid Collections380 Pancreatic TumorsSection 6 THE LIVER AND BILIARY SYSTEM381 Morphogenesis Of The Liver And Biliary System382 Manifestations Of Liver Disease383 Cholestasis384 Metabolic Diseases Of The Liver385 Viral Hepatitis386 Liver Abscess387 Liver Disease Associated With Systemic Disorders388 Mitochondrial Hepatopathies389 Autoimmune Hepatitis390 Drug- And Toxin-Induced Liver Injury391 Acute Hepatic Failure392 Cystic Diseases Of The Biliary Tract And Liver393 Diseases Of The Gallbladder394 Portal Hypertension And Varices395 Liver TransplantationSection 7 PERITONEUM396 Peritoneal Malformations397 Ascites398 Peritonitis399 Epigastric Hernia, PART XVIIIThe Respiratory SystemSection 1 DEVELOPMENT AND FUNCTION400 Diagnostic Approach To Respiratory Disease401 Chronic Or Recurrent Respiratory Symptoms402 Sudden Infant Death Syndrome403 Brief Resolved Unexplained Events And Other Acute Events In InfantsSection 2 DISORDERS OF THE RESPIRATORYSection 2 DISORDERS OF THE RESPIRATORY TRACT404 Congenital Disorders Of The Nose405 Acquired Disorders Of The Nose406 Nasal Polyps407 The Common Cold408 Sinusitis409 Acute Pharyngitis410 Retropharyngeal Abscess, Lateral Pharyngeal (Parapharyngeal) Abscess, And Peritonsillar Cellulitis/Abscess411 Tonsils And Adenoids412 Acute Inflammatory Upper Airway Obstruction (Croup, Epiglottitis, Laryngitis, And Bacterial Tracheitis)413 Congenital Anomalies Of The Larynx, Trachea, And Bronchi414 Foreign Bodies In The Airway415 Laryngotracheal Stenosis And Subglottic Stenosis416 Bronchomalacia And Tracheomalacia417 Neoplasms Of The Larynx, Trachea, And Bronchi418 Wheezing, Bronchiolitis, And Bronchitis419 Plastic Bronchitis420 Emphysema And Overinflation421 ?1-Antitrypsin Deficiency And Emphysema422 Other Distal Airway Diseases423 Congenital Disorders Of The Lung424 Pulmonary Edema425 Aspiration Syndromes426 Chronic Recurrent Aspiration427 Immune And Inflammatory Lung Disease428 Community-Acquired Pneumonia429 Pleurisy, Pleural Effusions, And Empyema430 Bronchiectasis431 Pulmonary Abscess432 Cystic Fibrosis433 Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (Immotile Cilia Syndrome, Kartagener Syndrome)434 Diffuse Lung Diseases In Childhood435 Pulmonary Hemosiderosis436 Pulmonary Embolism, Infarction, And Hemorrhage437 Atelectasis438 Pulmonary Tumors439 Pneumothorax440 Pneumomediastinum441 Hydrothorax442 Hemothorax443 Chylothorax444 Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia445 Skeletal Diseases Influencing Pulmonary Function446 Chronic Respiratory Insufficiency, PART XIXThe Cardiovascular SystemSection 1 DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM447 Cardiac Development448 The Fetal To Neonatal Circulatory TransitionSection 2 EVALUATION OF THESection 2 EVALUATION OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM AND THE CHILD449 History And Physical Examination In Cardiac Evaluation450 Laboratory Cardiac EvaluationSection 3 CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE451 Epidemiology And Genetic Basis Of Congenital Heart Disease452 Evaluation And Screening Of The Infant Or Child With Congenital Heart Disease453 Acyanotic Congenital Heart Disease: Left-To-Right Shunt Lesions454 Acyanotic Congenital Heart Disease: Obstructive Lesions455 Acyanotic Congenital Heart Disease: Regurgitant Lesions456 Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease: Evaluation Of The Critically Ill Neonate With Cyanosis And Respiratory Distress457 Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease: Lesions Associated With Decreased Pulmonary Blood Flow458 Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease: Lesions Associated With Increased Pulmonary Blood Flow459 Other Congenital Heart And Vascular Malformations460 Pulmonary Hypertension461 General Principles Of Treatment Of Congenital Heart DiseaseSection 4 CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS462 Disturbances Of Rate And Rhythm Of The Heart463 Sudden DeathSection 5 ACQUIRED HEART DISEASE464 Infective Endocarditis465 Rheumatic Heart DiseaseSection 6 DISEASES OF THE MYOCARDIUMSection 6 DISEASES OF THE MYOCARDIUM AND PERICARDIUM466 Diseases Of The Myocardium467 Diseases Of The Pericardium468 Tumors Of The HeartSection 7 CARDIAC THERAPEUTICS469 Heart Failure470 Pediatric Heart And Heart-Lung TransplantationSection 8 DISEASES OF THE PERIPHERALSection 8 DISEASES OF THE PERIPHERAL VASCULAR SYSTEM471 Diseases Of The Blood Vessels (Aneurysms And Fistulas)472 Systemic Hypertension, PART XXDiseases of the BloodSection 1 THE HEMATOPOIETIC SYSTEM473 Development Of The Hematopoietic System474 The AnemiasSection 2 ANEMIAS OF INADEQUATE PRODUCTION475 Congenital Hypoplastic Anemia (Diamond-Blackfan Anemia)476 Pearson Syndrome477 Acquired Pure Red Blood Cell Anemia478 Anemia Of Chronic Disease And Renal Disease479 Congenital Dyserythropoietic Anemias480 Physiologic Anemia Of Infancy481 Megaloblastic Anemias482 Iron-Deficiency Anemia483 Other Microcytic AnemiasSection 3 HEMOLYTIC ANEMIAS484 Definitions And Classification Of Hemolytic Anemias485 Hereditary Spherocytosis486 Hereditary Elliptocytosis, Hereditary Pyropoikilocytosis, And Related Disorders487 Hereditary Stomatocytosis488 Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria And Acanthocytosis489 Hemoglobinopathies490 Enzymatic Defects491 Hemolytic Anemias Resulting From Extracellular FactorsImmune Hemolytic Anemias492 Hemolytic Anemias Secondary To Other Extracellular FactorsSection 4 POLYCYTHEMIA (ERYTHROCYTOSIS)493 Polycythemia494 Nonclonal PolycythemiaSection 5 THE PANCYTOPENIAS495 Inherited Bone Marrow Failure Syndromes With Pancytopenia496 The Acquired PancytopeniasSection 6 BLOOD COMPONENT TRANSFUSIONS497 Red Blood Cell Transfusions And Erythropoietin Therapy498 Platelet Transfusions499 Neutrophil (Granulocyte) Transfusions500 Plasma Transfusions501 Risks Of Blood TransfusionsSection 7 HEMORRHAGIC AND THROMBOTIC DISEASES502 Hemostasis503 Hereditary Clotting Factor Deficiencies (Bleeding Disorders)504 Von Willebrand Disease505 Hereditary Predisposition To Thrombosis506 Thrombotic Disorders In Children507 Postneonatal Vitamin K Deficiency508 Liver Disease509 Acquired Inhibitors Of Coagulation510 Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation511 Platelet And Blood Vessel DisordersSection 8 THE SPLEEN512 Anatomy And Function Of The Spleen513 Splenomegaly514 Hyposplenism, Splenic Trauma, And SplenectomySection 9 THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM515 Anatomy And Function Of The Lymphatic System516 Abnormalities Of Lymphatic Vessels517 Lymphadenopathy, PART XXICancer and Benign Tumors518 Epidemiology Of Childhood And Adolescent Cancer519 Molecular And Cellular Biology Of Cancer520 Principles Of Cancer Diagnosis521 Principles Of Cancer Treatment522 The Leukemias523 Lymphoma524 Brain Tumors In Childhood525 Neuroblastoma526 Neoplasms Of The Kidney527 Soft Tissue Sarcomas528 Neoplasms Of Bone529 Retinoblastoma530 Gonadal And Germ Cell Neoplasms531 Neoplasms Of The Liver532 Benign Vascular Tumors533 Rare Tumors534 Histiocytosis Syndromes Of Childhood, PART XXIINephrologySection 1 GLOMERULAR DISEASE535 Introduction To Glomerular DiseasesSection 2 CONDITIONS PARTICULARLYSection 2 CONDITIONS PARTICULARLY ASSOCIATED WITH HEMATURIA536 Clinical Evaluation Of The Child With Hematuria537 Isolated Glomerular Diseases Associated With Recurrent Gross Hematuria538 Multisystem Disease Associated With Hematuria539 Tubulointerstitial Disease Associated With Hematuria540 Vascular Diseases Associated With Hematuria541 Anatomic Abnormalities Associated With Hematuria542 Lower Urinary Tract Causes Of HematuriaSection 3 CONDITIONS PARTICULARLYSection 3 CONDITIONS PARTICULARLY ASSOCIATED WITH PROTEINURIA543 Clinical Evaluation Of The Child With Proteinuria544 Conditions Associated With Proteinuria545 Nephrotic SyndromeSection 4 TUBULAR DISORDERS546 Tubular Function547 Renal Tubular Acidosis548 Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus549 Inherited Tubular Transport Abnormalities550 Renal Failure551 Renal Transplantation, PART XXIIIUrologic Disorders in Infants and Children552 Congenital Anomalies And Dysgenesis Of The Kidneys553 Urinary Tract Infections554 Vesicoureteral Reflux555 Obstruction Of The Urinary Tract556 Anomalies Of The Bladder557 Neuropathic Bladder558 Enuresis And Voiding Dysfunction559 Anomalies Of The Penis And Urethra560 Disorders And Anomalies Of The Scrotal Contents561 Trauma To The Genitourinary Tract562 Urinary Lithiasis, PART XXIVGynecologic Problems of Childhood563 Gynecologic History And Physical Examination564 Vulvovaginitis565 Vaginal Bleeding In The Prepubertal Child566 Breast Concerns567 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome And Hirsutism568 Gynecologic Neoplasms And Adolescent Prevention Methods For Human Papillomavirus569 Vulvovaginal And Mllerian Anomalies570 Gynecologic Care For Girls With Special Needs571 Female Genital Mutilation, PART XXVThe Endocrine SystemSection 1 DISORDERS OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS AND PITUITARY GLAND572 Hormones Of The Hypothalamus And Pituitary573 Hypopituitarism574 Diabetes Insipidus575 Other Abnormalities Of Arginine Vasopressin Metabolism And Action576 Hyperpituitarism, Tall Stature, And Overgrowth Syndromes577 Physiology Of Puberty578 Disorders Of Pubertal DevelopmentSection 2 DISORDERS OF THE THYROID GLAND579 Thyroid Development And Physiology580 Disorders Of Thyroxine-Binding Globulin581 Hypothyroidism582 Thyroiditis583 Goiter584 Thyrotoxicosis585 Carcinoma Of The Thyroid586 Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndromes587 Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia SyndromesSection 3 DISORDERS OF THE PARATHYROID GLAND588 Hormones And Peptides Of Calcium Homeostasis And Bone Metabolism589 Hypoparathyroidism590 Pseudohypoparathyroidism591 HyperparathyroidismSection 4 DISORDERS OF THE ADRENALSection 4 DISORDERS OF THE ADRENAL GLAND592 Physiology Of The Adrenal Gland593 Adrenocortical Insufficiency594 Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia And Related Disorders595 Adrenocortical Tumors And Masses596 Virilizing And Feminizing Adrenal Tumors597 Cushing Syndrome598 Primary Aldosteronism599 PheochromocytomaSection 5 DISORDERS OF THE GONADS600 Development And Function Of The Gonads601 Hypofunction Of The Testes602 Pseudoprecocity Resulting From Tumors Of The Testes603 Gynecomastia604 Hypofunction Of The Ovaries605 Pseudoprecocity Resulting From Lesions Of The Ovary606 Disorders Of Sex DevelopmentSection 6 DIABETES MELLITUS IN CHILDREN607 Diabetes Mellitus, PART XXVIThe Nervous System608 Neurologic Evaluation609 Congenital Anomalies Of The Central Nervous System610 Deformational Plagiocephaly611 Seizures In Childhood612 Conditions That Mimic Seizures613 Headaches614 Neurocutaneous Syndromes615 Movement Disorders616 Encephalopathies617 Neurodegenerative Disorders Of Childhood618 Demyelinating Disorders Of The Central Nervous System619 Pediatric Stroke620 Central Nervous System Vasculitis621 Central Nervous System Infections622 Brain Abscess623 Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (Pseudotumor Cerebri)624 Spinal Cord Disorders, PART XXVIINeuromuscular Disorders625 Evaluation And Investigation Of Neuromuscular Disorders626 Developmental Disorders Of Muscle627 Muscular Dystrophies628 Endocrine And Toxic Myopathies629 Metabolic Myopathies And Channelopathies630 Disorders Of Neuromuscular Transmission And Of Motor Neurons631 Hereditary Motor-Sensory Neuropathies632 Toxic Neuropathies633 Autonomic Neuropathies634 Guillain-Barr Syndrome635 Bell Palsy, PART XXVIIIDisorders of the Eye636 Growth And Development Of The Eye637 Examination Of The Eye638 Abnormalities Of Refraction And Accommodation639 Disorders Of Vision640 Abnormalities Of Pupil And Iris641 Disorders Of Eye Movement And Alignment642 Abnormalities Of The Lids643 Disorders Of The Lacrimal System644 Disorders Of The Conjunctiva645 Abnormalities Of The Cornea646 Abnormalities Of The Lens647 Disorders Of The Uveal Tract648 Disorders Of The Retina And Vitreous649 Abnormalities Of The Optic Nerve650 Childhood Glaucoma651 Orbital Abnormalities652 Orbital Infections653 Injuries To The Eye, PART XXIXThe Ear654 General Considerations And Evaluation Of The Ear655 Hearing Loss656 Congenital Malformations Of The Ear657 External Otitis (Otitis Externa)658 Otitis Media659 Acute Mastoiditis660 The Inner Ear And Diseases Of The Bony Labyrinth661 Traumatic Injuries Of The Ear And Temporal Bone662 Tumors Of The Ear And Temporal Bone, PART XXXThe Skin663 Morphology Of The Skin664 Dermatologic Evaluation Of The Patient665 Principles Of Dermatologic Therapy666 Dermatologic Diseases Of The Neonate667 Cutaneous Defects668 Ectodermal Dysplasias669 Vascular Disorders670 Cutaneous Nevi671 Hyperpigmented Lesions672 Hypopigmented Lesions673 Vesiculobullous Disorders674 Eczematous Disorders675 Photosensitivity676 Diseases Of The Epidermis677 Disorders Of Keratinization678 Diseases Of The Dermis679 Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome680 Diseases Of Subcutaneous Tissue681 Disorders Of The Sweat Glands682 Disorders Of Hair683 Disorders Of The Nails684 Disorders Of The Mucous Membranes685 Cutaneous Bacterial Infections686 Cutaneous Fungal Infections687 Cutaneous Viral Infections688 Arthropod Bites And Infestations689 Acne690 Tumors Of The Skin691 Nutritional Dermatoses, PART XXXIBone and Joint DisordersSection 1 ORTHOPEDIC PROBLEMS692 Growth And Development693 Orthopedic Evaluation Of The Child694 The Foot And Toes695 Torsional And Angular Deformities Of The Limb696 Leg-Length Discrepancy697 The Knee698 The Hip699 The Spine700 The Neck701 The Upper Limb702 Arthrogryposis703 Common Fractures704 Osteomyelitis705 Septic ArthritisSection 2 SPORTS MEDICINE706 Epidemiology And Prevention Of Injuries707 Management Of Musculoskeletal InjuryStress Fractures, and Chronic Compartment708 Sports-Related Traumatic Brain Injury (Concussion)709 Cervical Spine Injuries710 Heat Injuries711 Female Athletes: Menstrual Problems And The Risk Of Osteopenia712 Performance-Enhancing Aids713 Specific Sports And Associated InjuriesSection 3 THE SKELETAL DYSPLASIAS714 General Considerations In Skeletal Dysplasias715 Disorders Involving Cartilage Matrix Proteins716 Disorders Involving Transmembrane Receptors717 Disorders Involving Ion Transporters718 Disorders Involving Transcription Factors719 Disorders Involving Defective Bone Resorption720 Other Inherited Disorders Of Skeletal Development721 Osteogenesis Imperfecta722 Marfan SyndromeSection 4 METABOLIC BONE DISEASE723 Bone Structure, Growth, And Hormonal Regulation724 Hypophosphatasia725 Hyperphosphatasia726 Osteoporosis, PART XXXIIRehabilitation Medicine727 Evaluation Of The Child For Rehabilitative Services728 Rehabilitation For Severe Traumatic Brain Injury729 Spinal Cord Injury And Autonomic Dysreflexia Management730 Spasticity731 Birth Brachial Plexus Palsy732 Meningomyelocele (Spina Bifida)733 Ambulation Assistance734 Health And Wellness For Children With Disabilities, PART XXXIIIEnvironmental Health735 Overview Of Environmental Health And Children736 Biologic Effects Of Ionizing Radiation On Children737 Chemical Pollutants738 Heavy Metal Intoxication739 Lead Poisoning740 Nonbacterial Food Poisoning741 Biologic And Chemical Terrorism742 Mass Psychogenic Illness743 Animal And Human Bites744 Rat Bite Fever745 Monkeypox746 Envenomations, PART XXXIV747 Laboratory Testing In Infants And Children748 Reference Intervals For Laboratory Tests And Procedures, The University of North Carolina at Chap and Frank H. 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