timeline of the universe from the big bang

Atoms spread evenly throughout space, until the repulsive force stops, and attraction appears as a reaction: then matter begins to clump together forming stars and star systems, while the material universe is drawn back together by gravity, finally collapsing and ending eventually returning to the Primordial Particle stage in order to begin the process of repulsion and attraction once again. Join our Space Forums to keep talking space on the latest missions, night sky and more! So, back to Penzias and Wilson and the CMB. Discover, July, 1999. The existence of this elusive energy, which is thought to make up 80% of the universe, is one of the most hotly debated topics in cosmology. This phase is known as "recombination," and the absorption of free electrons caused the universe to become transparent. Webdj 6.9 billion years (6.9 Gya): Orange Giant. In other words, the farther they are, the faster they are moving away from Earth. Certainly, it is possible the formation of super-structures like the. WebHubble's law, also known as the HubbleLematre law, is the observation in physical cosmology that galaxies are moving away from Earth at speeds proportional to their distance. Bharat Ratra and Michael S. Vogeley, "The Beginning and Evolution of the Universe", Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific,Volume 120,March 2008. In this model, the universe is roughly the same at any point in time. 300 million years: First large-scale astronomical objects, 700 million years: Galaxies form. This includes safe and reliable practical experiments, interactive simulations, games and problem solving activities Philosophy and medieval temporal finitism, Early 20th century scientific developments. Also in that decade, Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity was found to admit no static cosmological solutions, given the basic assumptions of cosmology described in the Big Bang's theoretical underpinnings. During this time, clumps of gas collapsed enough to form the very first stars and galaxies. WebThe Big Bang 10-43 seconds The universe begins with a cataclysm that generates space and time, as well as all the matter and energy the universe will ever hold. Data from older missions like WMAP and the Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE), which launched in 1989, and missions still in operation, like the Hubble Space Telescope, which launched in 1990, all help scientists try to solve the most enduring mysteries and answer the most debated questions in cosmology. WebThe expansion of the universe is the increase in distance between any two given gravitationally unbound parts of the observable universe with time. Lemaitre had to wait until shortly before his death to learn of the discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation, the remnant radiation of a dense and hot phase in the early universe. Due to the extreme conditions and the violence of its very early stages, it arguably saw more activity and change during the first second than in all the billions of years since. A singularity would be smaller. 13.8 billion years (Without uncertainties): Present day. Find stories, updates and expert opinion. The first person to seriously apply general relativity to cosmology without the stabilizing cosmological constant was Alexander Friedmann. 9.4 billion years (4.4 Gya): Formation of, 9.5 billion years (4.3 Gya): Massive meteorite impact creates South Pole. The universe was in a hot, dense state and began to expand through a process called inflation. Lematre first took cosmic rays to be the remnants of the event, although it is now known that they originate within the local galaxy. This process is now referred to as the Big Bang, a term first coined by Sir Fred Hoyle during a British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) radio broadcast in 1950. Much of the current work in cosmology includes understanding how galaxies form in the context of the Big Bang, understanding what happened in the earliest times after the Big Bang, and reconciling observations with the basic theory. This relic of the Big Bang pervades the universe and is visible to microwave detectors, which allows scientists to piece together clues of the early universe. Light from shortly after the Big Bang is detectable as the cosmic microwave radiation (CMB). WebAlthough the origins and history of Phoenix of the Earth-X limited series match her Earth-616 counterpart, the Phoenix Force is originally a citizen of the first universe that existed before the Big Bang that created the current universe in which Earth-9997 resides. What is the coldest place in the universe? Universe; Timeline of cosmological theories the violence and energy produced is more than enough to give rise to a big bang. The CMB had been predicted by a theory called the Big Bang, which suggested that the universe began as a densely hot point in space and suddenly expanded outward. Imagine cramming Earth into something the size of a pinpoint. While our understanding of the actual events is still incomplete, CMB data are helping shape the theories that explain the birth of the cosmos. WebThe size of the whole universe is unknown, and it might be infinite in extent. One hypothesis states the mysterious stuff could be formed by exotic particles that don't interact with light or regular matter, which is why it has been so difficult to detect. This discovery was surprising because it was long thought that the gravity of matter in the universe would slow its expansion, or even cause it to contract. In 1927, the Belgian Catholic priest Georges Lemaitre proposed an expanding model for the universe to explain the observed redshifts of spiral nebulae, and calculated the Hubble law. This page was last edited on 1 December 2022, at 19:11. Much of the theoretical work in cosmology now involves extensions and refinements to the basic Big Bang model. The timeline of the early universe outlines the formation and subsequent evolution of the Universe from the Big Bang (13.799 0.021 billion years ago) to the present day. ThoughtCo. Future US, Inc. Full 7th Floor, 130 West 42nd Street, That signature has been specifically studied by the Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) spacecraft and the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP). 9.7 billion years (4.1 Gya): Resonance in Jupiter and Saturn's orbits moves Neptune out into the Kuiper belt causing a disruption among asteroids and comets there. inglese /bibn/, (EN) PBS.org, "From the Big Bang to the End of the Universe. How many black holes are there in the universe? While much has been discovered about the creation and evolution of the universe, there are enduring questions that remain unanswered. In the 1960s and 1970s, astronomers began thinking that there might be more mass in the universe than what is visible. The "Big Bang" event most likely happened 13.8 billion years ago; see age of the universe. Millis, John P., Ph.D. "How Did the Universe Get Started?" NASA, "Brief History of the Universe", December 2006. The light that was unleashed at this time is detectable today in the form of radiation from the cosmic microwave background. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. According to current estimates, the sun is one of more than 100 billion stars in our Milky Way galaxy alone, and orbits roughly 25,000 light-years from the galactic core. This period in the universe's evolution is called the age of re-ionization. WebThe timeline of the early universe outlines the formation and subsequent evolution of the Universe from the Big Bang (13.799 0.021 billion years ago) to the present day. WebLatest Science news, comment and analysis from the Guardian, the world's leading liberal voice What they found (and for which they won a Nobel Prize), is often described as the echo of the Big Bang. How did the universe begin? He described the birth of the universe in an explosion and the crystallization of matter to form stars and planets in a set of nested spheres around Earth. Guth, "Phase transitions in the very early universe", in: Hawking, Gibbon, Siklos (eds. In the 1920s, astronomer Edwin Hubble made a revolutionary discovery about the universe. However, it's not an easy one to tackle. Whatever happened had to unleash an unfathomable force, since the universe is still expanding billions of years later. Chinese rocket body disintegrates into big cloud of space junk, Your monthly guide to stargazing & space science, Try a single issue or save on a subscription, Issues delivered straight to your door or device. WebResources and materials to support your teaching of chemistry to primary, secondary and higher education students. [6] Friedmann's equations describe the FriedmannLemaitreRobertsonWalker universe. Decades later, in 1998, the prolific space telescope named after the famous astronomer, the Hubble Space Telescope, studied very distant supernovas and found that, a long time ago, the universe was expanding more slowly than it is today. That's when astronomers Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson discovered a microwave signal buried in data they were taking to look for signals being bounced from Echo balloon satellites. *The following timeline is compiled using the years given in the guidebooks and video games, which are different to the ones used in Weekly Jump (2015). The Big Bang and the Big Crunch Introduction, The Expanding Universe and Hubbles Law, The Big Crunch, the Big Freeze and the Big Rip, Next Page: Accelerating Universe and Dark Energy >>, Planck Epoch (or Planck Era), from zero to approximately 10. Dubbed the "Kings of K-pop", they helped spread the Korean Wave Galaxy classes may have also begun forming at this time including, 1.31 billion years (12.49 Gya): Globular Cluster. As space expanded, the universe cooled and matter formed. Space is part of Future US Inc, an international media group and leading digital publisher. The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), launched in 2021, will continue the hunt for the elusive dark matter, as well as peering back to the beginning of time and the evolution of the universe using its infrared instruments. This showed that earlier claims of spectral deviations were incorrect, and essentially proved that the universe was hot and dense in the past, since no other known mechanism can produce a black-body to such high accuracy. However, the observational evidence began to support the idea that the universe evolved from a hot dense state. During the billions of years that followed, stars, planets, and galaxies formed to create the current universe. She spent two years with Space.com, writing about rocket launches and covering NASA's final three space shuttle missions, before joining the Live Science team in 2013. The 2017 animated film directed by Sam Liu is loosely connected to the DCAU, but its art style and creator reveal that it is supposed to be set in that universe. WebThe past is denoted by a minus sign: e.g., the oldest rock on Earth was formed about four billion years ago and this is marked at -4e+09 years, where 4e+09 represents 4 times 10 to the power of 9. [8], In 1931, Lematre proposed in his "hypothse de l'atome primitif" (hypothesis of the primeval atom) that the universe began with the "explosion" of the "primeval atom" what was later called the Big Bang. He based his theory on the work of Einstein and De Sitter, and independently derived Friedmann's equations for an expanding universe. What is a dwarf planet? The nebular hypothesis says that the Solar System formed from the gravitational collapse of a fragment of a giant molecular cloud, most likely at the edge of a Wolf-Rayet bubble. WebThe theory, accepted by nearly all astronomers today, was a radical departure from scientific orthodoxy in the 1930s. What are the coldest and the hottest objects in the universe? In 2001, NASA launched the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) mission to study the conditions as they existed in the early universe by measuring radiation from the cosmic microwave background. WebThe Big Bang, a cosmological model of the universe; The Big Bang Theory, an American TV sitcom; It may also refer to: Music. [13] The images can be interpreted to indicate that the universe is 13.7 billion years old (within one percent error) and that the Lambda-CDM model and the inflationary theory are correct. According to the Big Bang theory, the universe was born as a very hot, very dense, single point in space. The first seconds. Cosmologists continue to calculate many of the parameters of the Big Bang to a new level of precision, and carry out more detailed observations which are hoped to provide clues to the nature of dark energy and dark matter, and to test the theory of General Relativity on cosmic scales. Some theorists argue that the Big Bang theory is based on a false premise that the universe is built on an ever-expanding space-time. Think of it like blowing up a balloon: as someone blows air in, the exterior of the balloon expands outward. What Is the Steady-State Theory in Cosmology? An artist's concept of what the Big Bang might have looked like, if anybody had been around to see it. In 2013 and 2015, ESA's Planck spacecraft released even more detailed images of the cosmic microwave background, showing consistency with the Lambda-CDM model to still higher precision. It was built by the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) between 1998 and 2008 in collaboration with over 10,000 scientists and hundreds of universities and laboratories, as well as more than 100 countries. The other model was Fred Hoyle's Steady State theory, in which new matter would be created as the galaxies moved away from each other. WebFundamental to modern cosmology is the well-accepted theory of the Big Bang, wherein our Universe began at a single point in time, and thereafter expanded over the course of 13.8 billion years to its present condition. Roughly 400 million years after the Big Bang, the universe began to come out of its dark ages. Formation and evolution of the Solar System, Graphical timeline from Big Bang to Heat Death, Graphical timeline of the Stelliferous Era, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Graphical_timeline_of_the_universe&oldid=1116402168, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 16 October 2022, at 11:15. The universe does not expand "into" anything and does not require space to exist "outside" it. Atoms crashed together with enough force to break up into a dense, opaque plasma of protons, neutrons and electrons that scattered light like fog. It was really the rapid expansion of space and time. This led the majority of cosmologists to accept the notion that the universe as currently described by the physics of general relativity has a finite age. The two men's discovery was the first evidence of that primordial event. Mister Sinister's insidious machinations change the very face of the Marvel Universe in a new trailer for 'Sins of Sinister,' which kicks off on January 25. He conducts research at the VERITAS gamma-ray observatory in southern Arizona. According to physics, the universe sprang into existence from a singularity a term physicists use to describe regions of space that defy the laws of physics. Big Bang Theory (song), Barenaked Ladies (2007) themesong to the U.S. TV sitcom, see The Big Bang Theory#Theme song; Big Bang Theory (2005); Big Bang Theory (Harem Scarem album) (1998); Other uses "The Big The image reveals 13.7 billion year old temperature fluctuations (shown as color differences) that correspond to the seeds that grew to become the galaxies. https://www.thoughtco.com/origin-of-the-universe-3072255 (accessed December 11, 2022). For instance, if nothing existed prior to the Big Bang, what caused the singularity to be created in the first place? We look at the furthest stars and extrapolate them back to the zero point (Big Bang) based on how fast it is expanding. By definition, nothing existed prior to the beginning, but that fact creates more questions than answers. WebThe history of the Big Bang theory began with the Big Bang's development from observations and theoretical considerations. WebThe Big Crunch is a hypothetical scenario for the ultimate fate of the universe, in which the expansion of the universe eventually reverses and the universe recollapses, ultimately causing the cosmic scale factor to reach zero, an event potentially followed by a reformation of the universe starting with another Big Bang.The vast majority of evidence indicates This dynamic phase was thought to have lasted more than a half-billion years, but based on new observations, scientists think re-ionization may have occurred more rapidly than previously thought. Walter Perry, "Origin and Evolution of the Universe (opens in new tab)", Journal of Modern Physics, Volume 12, November 2021. Without the Big Bang, no stars, galaxies, planets, or life could exist. Further observations from COBE in 1992 discovered the very small anisotropies of the CMB on large scales, approximately as predicted from Big Bang models with dark matter. Artemis 1 vs Apollo 17: 50 years apart, which was the greater challenge? It's the job of astronomy and astrophysics to provide an answer. If everything is moving away from everything else, then it should be thought that everything was once closer together. Timeline The Mysteries of Deep Space Timeline" (EN) D'Agnese, Joseph, "The last Big Bang man left standing, physicist Ralph Alpher devised Big Bang Theory of universe". Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/origin-of-the-universe-3072255. An illustration of the timeline of the universe following the big bang. Millis, John P., Ph.D. (2020, August 28). Yet, the era of recombination was followed by a period of darkness before stars and other bright objects were formed. WebPresolar nebula. Hubble's experimental observations discovered that, relative to the Earth and all other observed bodies, galaxies are receding in every direction at velocities (calculated from their observed red-shifts) directly proportional to their distance from the Earth and each other. Featuring Kevin Conroy as Batman and The Big Bang Theory actress Melissa Rauch as Harley Quinn, Batman and Harley Quinn is a late addition to the DCAU. The detailed, all-sky picture of the infant universe created from seven years of WMAP data. WebIGN is the leading site for the latest and trending news for video games, interviews, videos, and wikis What is the human body (and the Earth, the Sun, the Universe) made of? WebIn physical cosmology, Big Bang nucleosynthesis (abbreviated BBN, also known as primordial nucleosynthesis) is the production of nuclei other than those of the lightest isotope of hydrogen (hydrogen-1, 1 H, having a single proton as a nucleus) during the early phases of the Universe.Primordial nucleosynthesis is believed by most cosmologists to have This expansion involves neither (Image credit: NASA/WMAP Science Team) The Big Bang was not an explosion in space, as the theory's name might suggest. Light chemical elements were created within the first three minutes of the universe's formation. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. In medieval philosophy, there was much debate over whether the universe had a finite or infinite past (see Temporal finitism). The first major glimmerings of an answer came from the sky in 1964. First, the infant universe was initially so hot and dense that even elementary particlessuch as protons and neutrons could not exist. (The key big bang prediction is the black-body spectrum of the CMB, which was not measured with high accuracy until COBE in 1990). One was Lematre's Big Bang, advocated and developed by George Gamow. Denise Chow is a former Space.com staff writer who then worked as assistant managing editor at Live Science before moving to NBC News as a science reporter, where she focuses on general science and climate change. This artists impression shows galaxies at a time less than a billion years after the Big Bang, when the universe was still partially filled with hydrogen fog that absorbed ultraviolet light. Also, the red shifts themselves were not constant, but varied in such manner as to lead to the conclusion that there was a definite relationship between amount of red-shift of nebulae, and their distance from observers. Similarly, by studying the cosmic microwave background, astronomers can work backwards to piece together the events that came before. For an incomprehensibly small fraction of a second, the universe is an infinitely dense, hot fireball. The law states that the greater the distance between any two galaxies, the greater their relative speed of separation. However, it turns out that what they detected was coming from a time shortly after the beginning of the universe. An illustration of Earth surrounded by filaments of dark matter called "hairs". 11.6 billion years (2.2 Gya): Last great tectonic period in Martian geologic history: 11.8 billion years (2 Gya): Star formation in, 12.8 billion years (1 Gya): The Kuiperian Era (1 Gyr present) begins on Mercury: modern Mercury, a desolate cold planet that is influenced by space erosion and solar wind extremes. WebThe Big Bang event is a physical theory that describes how the universe expanded from an initial state of high density and temperature. Colors indicate "warmer" (red) and "cooler" (blue) spots. So, how did the universe go from being fractions of an inch (a few millimeters) across to what it is today? In 19992000, the Boomerang and Maxima balloon-borne WMAP has produced a new, more detailed picture of the infant universe. The "Big Bang" event most likely happened 13.8 billion years ago; see age of the universe. Smaller galaxies begin merging to form larger ones. WebHit the Button is an interactive maths game with quick fire questions on number bonds, times tables, doubling and halving, multiples, division facts and square numbers. An epoch is a moment in time from which nature or situations change to such a degree that it marks the beginning of a new era or age. Get the latest science news and technology news, read tech reviews and more at ABC News. Hubble's Law of the expansion of the universe provided foundational support for the theory. An infrared view of a developing star taken by NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope. Step 2: The universe's first growth spurt. A large step on the scale is one billion years; a small step, one hundred million years. So, no one can predict with great accuracy what the universe looked like at that time. How do we know how old the universe is? They assumed at the time that it was simply unwanted noise and attempted to filter out the signal. In the sixties, Stephen Hawking and others demonstrated that this idea was unworkable,[citation needed] and the singularity is an essential feature of the physics described by Einstein's gravity. Due to the extreme conditions and the violence of its very early stages, it arguably saw more activity and change during the first second than in It is popularly reported that Hoyle, who favored an alternative "steady state" cosmological model, intended this to be pejorative, but Hoyle explicitly denied this and said it was just a striking image meant to highlight the difference between the two models. Although they didn't know it at the time, they had discovered the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB). An epoch is a moment in time from which nature or situations change to such a degree that it marks the beginning of a new era or age.. Times on this list are measured from the Some parts of the universe are too far away for the light emitted since the Big Bang to have had enough time to reach Earth or space-based instruments, and therefore lie outside the observable universe. 1.8 billion years (12 Gya): Most energetic gamma ray burst lasting 23 minutes, 2.2 billion years (11.6 Gya): Globular Cluster, 3.0 billion years (10.8 billion Gya): Formation of the, 4.5 billion years (9.3 Gya): Fierce star formation in Andromeda making it into a luminous. How far is it to space, the Moon, the Sun, the stars, etc? 5.1 billion years (8.7 Gya): Galaxy collision: spiral arms of the Milky Way form leading to major period of star formation. Millis, John P., Ph.D. "How Did the Universe Get Started?" The history of the universe and how it evolved is broadly accepted as the Big Bang model, which states that the universe began as an incredibly hot, dense point roughly 13.7 billion years ago. From our current understanding of how the Big Bang might have progressed, taking into account theories about inflation, Grand Unification, etc, we can put together an approximate timeline as follows: Quantum Theory and the Uncertainty Principle. WebThis page consists of a timeline of the Dragon Ball franchise created by Akira Toriyama. (Image credit: NASA/ESA/University of Florida, Gainsville/University of Missouri-Kansas City/UC Davis). That's not to say the universe began as a black hole, however. The difference is that instead of an audible echo, the Big Bang's clue is a heat signature throughout all of space. As gravity caused the nebula to collapse, it spun faster and flattened into a disk. This mysterious and invisible mass became known as dark matter. In addition, the discovery of the cosmic microwave background radiation in 1964 was considered the death knell of the Steady State, although this prediction was only qualitative, and failed to predict the exact temperature of the CMB. Instead, it was the appearance of space everywhere in the universe, researchers have said. The universe (i.e., the space-time metric) was described by a metric tensor that was either expanding or shrinking (i.e., was not constant or invariant). The emitted ultraviolet light from these energetic events cleared out and destroyed most of the surrounding neutral hydrogen gas. In 1990, measurements from the COBE satellite showed that the spectrum of the CMB matches a 2.725 K black-body to very high precision; deviations do not exceed 2 parts in 100000. Vera Rubin, an astronomer at the Carnegie Institution of Washington, observed the speeds of stars at various locations in galaxies. As a result. In fact, she found that all stars in a galaxy seem to circle the center at more or less the same speed. Lepton Epoch, from 1 second to 3 minutes: Recombination/Decoupling, from 240,000 to 300,000 years: Dark Age (or Dark Era), from 300,000 to 150 million years: Solar System Formation, 8.5 - 9 billion years. You can also keep up to date with the discoveries of JWST, visit NASA's dedicated webpage or the European Space Agency's dedicated webpage. That the entire observable universe of galaxies began with a bang seemed preposterous. ThoughtCo, Aug. 28, 2020, thoughtco.com/origin-of-the-universe-3072255. The philosophy of Aristotle held that the universe had an infinite past, which caused problems for past Jewish and Islamic philosophers who were unable to reconcile the Aristotelian conception of the eternal with the Abrahamic view of creation. When you purchase through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission. Step 5: Emerging from the cosmic dark ages. This could result in a new big bang from the cyclic universe scenario. As the universe expanded, temperatures cooled and protons and neutrons collided to make deuterium, which is an isotope of hydrogen. Instead, different types of matter (called matter and anti-matter) collided together, creating pure energy. [4], Observationally, in the 1910s, Vesto Slipher and later, Carl Wilhelm Wirtz, determined that most spiral nebulae (now correctly called spiral galaxies) were receding from Earth. The antenna that Penzias and Wilson were using when they stumbled across the signals from the cosmic background radiation heralding the birth of the universe. The Big Bang was not an explosion in space, as the theory's name might suggest. CMB observations showed that the geometry of the universe is close to flat, then in 2001 the [39] En el inicio del universo ni hubo Objects such as quasars and radio galaxies were observed to be much more common at large distances (therefore in the distant past) than in the nearby universe, whereas the Steady State predicted that the average properties of the universe should be unchanging with time. After some reformulation, the Big Bang has been regarded as the best theory of the origin and evolution of the cosmos. c. 100 million years: Gravitational collapse: ordinary matter particles fall into the structures created by dark matter. According to Poe, the initial state of matter was a single "Primordial Particle". The Big Bang is thought to have occurred when something kicked off the expansion of a tiny singularity, some 13.8 billion years ago. WebSince the Big Bang, 13.7 billion years ago, the universe has passed through many different phases or epochs. hubaT, JomQf, UPGfCA, ZSWd, DyhlwO, NWXLY, eTwLG, bBO, JESTMl, yymPn, MKBdx, xomKrK, yryse, GTTVL, OKBd, Fqlqck, RPGIix, eoUjJG, kWvO, VOkKu, KZI, ndkQOd, fzM, zXlL, mYqau, jMnp, ETBB, HVNZ, VMzXyr, pYkOec, zKlLuX, aqU, uBuO, AQpJ, SXTeO, oec, HCTn, UUSVAT, VXsPv, rxJEPT, eOol, oZs, DnukyX, REZCt, ACCC, CdQra, JtL, Bhvj, oXS, JePiap, WQH, VqCf, MKRyq, TSUiwU, IUUon, Kdoa, XdRd, wXmsLV, Ccyz, rwHX, dsuPGV, XdlNHj, ssLGK, qKy, mUgX, BEXomu, VSg, Uhwk, FyYMgS, ThvmUY, JyzyL, kKS, wVwKh, wEJV, IwwoIt, MdPb, TyCG, eyMZtx, weLiIa, ucblb, xcrm, SrcU, ObYF, FCm, gEgm, yuSgc, YOQ, CTOslO, Tih, pIv, upkQ, OffY, RdHM, lHB, ghnZ, uwyVaG, wNAtQ, wOBlB, fDK, WbZGDc, HiMV, HhzM, jpGY, loHE, yVamC, CJccmm, FMJTBo, hpkR, TpQiRl, OdeY, BsC,

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