typeof null javascript

Now the change can't be added because of bad coding. We know that the "typeof" null in javascript is an object, and we also know that it's a bug in JavaScript. The typeof operator returns a string indicating the type of the operand's value. I'm reading 'Professional Javascript for Web Developers' Chapter 4 and it tells me that the five types of primitives are: undefined, null, boolean, number and string. We should note that the typeof in js is not a variable so it does not have a data type. Is it cheating if the proctor gives a student the answer key by mistake and the student doesn't report it? The same function is actually being created, but just with the author writing it in a different, cleaner way. These are: If we talk about object data types, we have: Lastly, we have these two data types unable to contain any values. In simple terms, primitive data value includes a single value without any additional methods or properties. This is a bug remnant from javascript's first version. Content available under a Creative Commons license. Why does Cauchy's equation for refractive index contain only even power terms? From the MDN page about the behaviour of the typeof operator: null // This stands since the beginning of JavaScript typeof null === 'object'; In the first implementation of JavaScript, JavaScript values were represented as a type tag and a value. These properties are always either strings (e.g. But, the typeof operator always returns a string (containing the type of the operand). It is supposed to be something that doesn't exist. Therefore, their types are 'object'. These methods are also known as mutator methods. 6.1.6.1 The Number Type // If it's a function whose source code starts with the "class" keyword. Lets see how to do that in the following example: In the example shown above, we have made the person null, taking away all the information mentioned earlier. Frequently asked questions about MDN Plus. Ever since Microsoft created its own JavaScript engine and copied all the features and bugs of the first engine version, all subsequent engines copied this bug and now it's too late to fix it. How do I remove a property from a JavaScript object? That means JavaScript counts null as an object. typeof null. In this version, values were stored in 32 bit units, which consisted of a small type tag (1-3 bits) and the actual data of the value. The typeof an array is an object. Undefined and Null: Whats the Difference? Methods such as Array.isArray() help differentiate the JavaScript typeof array from an object. This can be seen by logging in as 1 user, creating a TODO item, then logging out and logging back in as another user - you will see the TODO item created by the first user in the second user's list. As mentioned before, the typeof function returns with strings, objects, numbers, boolean, numbers, functions, and undefined variables. Consequently, null had 0 as type tag, hence the typeof return value "object". Classes were introduced in ES2015 (ES6) as a better syntax for prototype-based inheritance. // que te brinda la oportunidad de escribir, compartir y aprender TypeScript. In JavaScript, arrays are technically objects; just with special behaviours and abilities. In normal terms, it would hold nothing. However, even without a value, the type is still an object. This means that, regardless of resultant type, the type of a typeof [any operand], will always be a string. The reason for this is, in computing, NaN is actually technically a numeric data type. How does legislative oversight work in Switzerland when there is technically no "opposition" in parliament? // This stands since the beginning of JavaScript. How can you know the sky Rose saw when the Titanic sunk? The example shown below explains these conditions: I'm guessing you're actually looking for empty strings, in which case this simpler code will work: if (!pass || !cpass || !email || !cemail || !user) { Which will check for empty strings ( "" ), null, undefined, false and the numbers 0 and NaN. 6.1.4 The String Type Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. Operators ( + - * / ) do not have any data type. As a result of this similarity, null has the 0 type tag, which corresponds to an object. The null is an exception to javascript since the beginning. This is a long-standing bug in JS, but one that is likely never going The same will be the case for a variable that has not been given a value, JavaScript typeof null data type is an object, Using a typeof is not possible if the JavaScript object is an array or an object such as date, The typeof John Doe would result in a string, The typeof true and false would return a boolean, The typeof x would return us undefined if x holds no value, The typeof name and age will result in an object, For typeof [1,2,3,4], an object but not an array will be returned, For JavaScript typeof null, an object will be the result, For JavaScript typeof function, a function will be returned, The constructor code in the first line will bring us a function string, The constructor code in the second line would return a function boolean, The constructor code in the third line would bring JavaScript typeof array (function), The name and age constructor code in the fourth line would provide a function object, The new date constructor code will result in a function date, The function constructor code in the last line would return a function, We should note that the typeof in js is not a variable so it does not have a data type, The result of typeof operators in JavaScript will always return a string, For all the JavaScript variables, the constructor property brings us a constructor function, Both null and undefined have equal values but different types. Lets quickly see an example of such an array: The first line would return true and the second line would bring us false. Is JavaScript a pass-by-reference or pass-by-value language? // String toString , // ! ?` unparenthesized within `||` and `&&` expressions, SyntaxError: for-in loop head declarations may not have initializers, SyntaxError: function statement requires a name, SyntaxError: identifier starts immediately after numeric literal, SyntaxError: invalid assignment left-hand side, SyntaxError: invalid regular expression flag "x", SyntaxError: missing ) after argument list, SyntaxError: missing ] after element list, SyntaxError: missing } after function body, SyntaxError: missing } after property list, SyntaxError: missing = in const declaration, SyntaxError: missing name after . A fix was proposed for ECMAScript (via an opt-in), but was rejected. Not the answer you're looking for? When Brendan Eich created JavaScript, he followed the same paradigm, and it made sense (arguably) to return "object". Lets see the following example of an empty string: In the example above, the value is not undefined and the typeof JavaScript is the string. Last modified: Sep 13, 2022, by MDN contributors. The typeof operator accepts an operand and returns the type of the provided operand as a string. //. Why do quantum objects slow down when volume increases? It's used in Object.prototype.toString(). Understanding primitive data types in JavaScript. Due to an early bug, however, it yielded "object" instead. In JavaScript, typeof null is 'object', which incorrectly suggests that null is an object. For example, arrays have a Array.prototype.length property, which will return the number of elements in the array. Avoid them. In the first implementation of JavaScript, JavaScript values were represented as a type tag and a value. The ECMAScript specification identifies these language data types: 6.1.1 The Undefined Type <null_variable> === null is the best way to strictly check for null. As mentioned earlier, undefined values belong to a variable without any value. One thing we should remember is that empty values are not related to undefined because they have a value and a type. BCD tables only load in the browser with JavaScript enabled. Lets see the difference between the complex data types in the following section. // Puedes pensarlo de tres maneras: //. In other words, null is often used to signify an empty reference to an object. There was an attempt made to fix it in past but it was rejected due to the backward compatibility issue. typeofnullobjectfunctionobject instance ofprototypeobject.prototype.toString.call . Just like null, we can also empty an object by making it undefined. Now, lets check null in JavaScript typeof. For example, to find the type of 123, we would write -, This will return a string with the type of 123, which, in this case, will be "number". Consequently, null had 0 as type tag, hence the "object" typeof return value. typeof null === "object"; In the first implementation of JavaScript, JavaScript values were represented as a type tag and a value. The type tag for objects was 0. Properties such as Array.prototype.length result in counting the number of elements in the array. It would have resulted in typeof null === 'null'. No spec-compliant engines are reported to produce (or had historically produced) values other than those listed. I wanted to know what kind of bug it is, and why anyone hasn't resolved it yet. Is it possible to hide or delete the new Toolbar in 13.1? Where does the idea of selling dragon parts come from? typeof null === "object"; In the first implementation of JavaScript, JavaScript values were represented as a type tag and a value. Javascript(typeof Operator) Posted on December 4, 2022 December 4, 2022. For instance, [1,2] instanceof Array will evaluate to true. How do I test for an empty JavaScript object? For historical reasons the typeof operator is not consistent with this categorisation in two cases: Another operator -- instanceof -- can be used to know whether an object inherits from a certain prototype. null == undefined evaluates as true because they are loosely equal. Lets start with an undefined value example. typeof is very useful, but it's not as versatile as might be required. However, there are a few cases where it is unclear or misunderstood what the type of the operand should be. operator, SyntaxError: redeclaration of formal parameter "x". Description. The JavaScript typeof array is an object just like the arrays in JavaScript as technical objects. What is the type of a typeof expression? in <x y /> , y is a string) or an object spread (e.g. You can consider it a bug in JavaScript that typeof null is an object. Help us identify new roles for community members, Proposing a Community-Specific Closure Reason for non-English content. This article will discuss about the causes and how to fix it. Lets see that in the example shown below: The first line would bring us an undefined value and the second line (typeof null) would result in an object. The typeof operator has higher precedence than binary operators like addition (+). SyntaxError: Unexpected '#' used outside of class body, SyntaxError: unparenthesized unary expression can't appear on the left-hand side of '**', SyntaxError: Using //@ to indicate sourceURL pragmas is deprecated. For more information about types and primitives, see also the JavaScript data structure page. And nowhere in the spec does it say typeof should return anything but "undefined", "object", "boolean", "number", "string", "function", and "symbol" (ECMAScript 2015). The typeof in JavaScript is used to verify functional parameters and see if the variables are defined. Since starting, JavaScript values were represented as the type tag and a value. How do I check for an empty/undefined/null string in JavaScript? doesn't make sense why people would use this as a null check anyway. In the first implementation of JavaScript, JavaScript values were represented as a type tag and a value. JSX elements are translated to JavaScript function calls and JSX element attributes are translated to properties on a JavaScript object literal. I really love that book, however, I cannot consider that a bug because the ECMA specification for JavaScript state that the type of null must be an object. (reference). This list of values is exhaustive. Ready to optimize your JavaScript with Rust? typeoftypeof The case of document.all having type "undefined" is classified in the web standards as a "willful violation" of the original ECMAScript standard for web compatibility. These are: The following example shows the usage of typeof in js and the primitive values: In the example shown above, we have the following results: We saw the typeof operators in JavaScript for the primitive data values. It is an operator. ( reference) How to make voltage plus/minus signs bolder. It would have resulted in typeof null === "null". Too much code on the Web relies on the bug and thus // - Un sitio para experimentar con la sintaxis de TypeScript y compartir tu cdigo con . Examples of frauds discovered because someone tried to mimic a random sequence. In the first implementation of JavaScript, JavaScript values were represented as a type tag and a value. Consequently, null had 0 as type tag, hence the bogus typeof return value This is a bug and one that unfortunately can't be fixed, because it would break existing code. // Parentheses can be used for determining the data type of expressions. typeof. The following example shows the details: For the example shown above, here are the results: To see if an object is an array or contains the word, we can use the constructor property. However, it does not return objects for JavaScript typeof function. typeof null // "object" The null value is technically a primitive, the way "object" or "number" are primitives. However, it is a numeric data type whose value cannot be represented using actual numbers. Note, typeof is an operator, not a function (and in fact you can omit the parentheses around what comes after it), so it does not makes sense to talk about passing by reference here. 6.1.5 The Symbol Type null javascriptjavascript null nulltypeof"object" JavaScript JavaScript . It doesn't make intuitive sense so why would they use it? // Returns "function" typeof myCar // Returns "undefined" * typeof null // Returns "object" Please observe: The data type of NaN is number; The data type of an array is . 3. console.log(typeof null) // object. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Lets now see the effect of null and undefined below: As we can see from the example used above, the first null would bring us false and the second null would return true. Now, lets move to empty values and see the difference. The data is a reference to an object . Why is the federal judiciary of the United States divided into circuits? Lets see this with the help of an example: From the example shown above, the results would be as follows: The following should be noted when using typeof in JavaScript: Now, lets move on to the primitive data in typeof JavaScript. The type of NaN, which stands for Not a Number is, surprisingly, a number. How do I correctly clone a JavaScript object? Will JS be aligned with the ECMAScript specs regarding the "typeof null"? Summary. So what should we be using instead of typeof to check for the type of value a variable is holding? Although the null is a data type in JavaScript, typeof null returns "object". 1. Receive quality articles written by Ire Aderinokun, frontend developer and user interface designer. It's an ascended bug. The type tag for objects was 0. null was represented as the NULL pointer ( 0x00 in most platforms). Answer (1 of 2): Linked list are special list of some data elements linked to one another .the logical ordering is represented by having each elements pointing to the next element. Checking if a key exists in a JavaScript object? By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. Six data types that are primitives: Boolean Null Undefined Number String Symbol and Object We often use the typeof operator to return the type string of a given reference according to the table specified in ECMA-262: As the table above declares, if we go to our browser's console and type in typeof null we'll see that it returns "object". The typeof operator in JavaScript evaluates and returns a string with the data type of an operand. It should be null. Reasons 2: Insert script tag before declaring DOM elements. Null is a primitive type in JavaScript. But since the implementation of JavaScript predates the writing of the ECMAScript spec, and the specification was careful not to correct foibles of the initial implementation, there's still a legitimate question about why it was done this way in the first place. A fix was proposed for ECMAScript (via an opt-in), but was rejected. Although document.all is also falsy and loosely equal to undefined, it is not undefined. // app.js console.log(typeof null === 'object'); The output is true. 17. All current browsers expose a non-standard host object document.all with type undefined. SyntaxError: test for equality (==) mistyped as assignment (=)? QGIS Atlas print composer - Several raster in the same layout, Exchange operator with position and momentum, Counterexamples to differentiation under integral sign, revisited, Finding the original ODE using a solution. For objects, arrays, and JavaScript typeof null, it returns an object. All constructor functions called with new will return non-primitives ("object" or "function"). It instead means that the value cannot be expressed with numbers. ", Reference and for more info: https://2ality.com/2013/10/typeof-null.html. // object's class. See the following example. In addition to "number", the typeof operator can return one of 6 potential results -. Why typeof (null) == 'object' in JavaScript? Unfortunately, in JavaScript, the data type of null is an object. Block scoped variables are in a temporal dead zone from the start of the block until the initialization is processed, during which it will throw an error if accessed. typeof is generally always guaranteed to return a string for any operand it is supplied with. To differentiate an Array object from an Object object, we can use the Array.isArray() method. From the MDN page about the behaviour of the typeof operator: In the first implementation of JavaScript, JavaScript values were represented as a type tag and a value. The Data Type of typeof The typeof operator is not a variable. Moreover, its a useful operator that aids in checking the type of variable used in a code. Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. This means you are supposed to be able to check if a variable is null with the typeof () method. let userName = null; console.log (typeof (userName)); // object. 6.1.2 The Null Type typeof null was never intended to yield anything other than "null". If null is a primitive, why does typeof(null) return "object"? The type tag for objects was 0. null was represented as the NULL pointer (0x00 in most platforms). What is this fallacy: Perfection is impossible, therefore imperfection should be overlooked. What is the most efficient way to deep clone an object in JavaScript? Answer: Because the spec says so. It's an ascended bug. However, this is not the case because of a peculiarity with the way JavaScript was first defined. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Position Is Everything provides the readers with Coding and Computing Tips & Tutorials, and Technology News. In short, both null and undefined have equal values but different types. each element is called node which has two parts. To know how a function returns variables, we must take a look at the constructor property. This result of typeof null is actually a bug in the language. The TypeError: Cannot read property 'getAttribute' of Null in JavaScript. However, it does not return objects for JavaScript typeof function. Instead, null expresses a lack of identification, indicating that a variable points to no object. Douglas Crockford calls it a mistake. However, the result of typeof operators in JavaScript will always return a string. There are also unique methods such as Array.prototype.push() or the Array.prototype.unshift() method. Take heart! Use our guide and its examples diligently, and youll surely master the use of typeof. In JavaScript, typeof null is an object which gives a wrong impression that, null is an object where it is a primitive value. Consequently, null had 0 as type tag, hence the typeof return value "object". The example shown below explains these conditions: The results for the example shown above are mentioned below: As mentioned above, the typeof operator in JavaScript will return with an object for JavaScript typeof array because arrays are objects. Wouldn't that mean that null is passed by reference (I'm assuming here all objects are passed by reference), hence making it NOT a primitive? Let's read it now. For greater specificity in checking types, here we present a custom type(value) function, which mostly mimics the behavior of typeof, but for non-primitives (i.e. The typeof operator returns " object " for arrays because in JavaScript arrays are objects. With Classes, we can create the same object this way -. ( reference) Are the S&P 500 and Dow Jones Industrial Average securities? don't trust everything is written in a book. 6.1.7 The Object Type. The type of an undeclared variable is undefined Enable JavaScript to view data. Therefore, parentheses are needed to evaluate the type of an addition result. Lets look at the following example: In the example shown above, the value is undefined because the type is undefined. But unfortunately, this returns "object" because of an historical bug that cannot be fixed. 2. The type tag for objects was 0. null was represented as the NULL pointer (0x00 in most platforms). Hence, using the typeof operator is not recommended to JavaScript compare to null. The following table summarizes the possible return values of typeof. Now lets see the data types in the typeof operator in JavaScript. (reference). The type tag for objects was 0. null was represented as the NULL pointer (0x00 in most . are deprecated, SyntaxError: "use strict" not allowed in function with non-simple parameters, SyntaxError: "x" is a reserved identifier, SyntaxError: a declaration in the head of a for-of loop can't have an initializer, SyntaxError: applying the 'delete' operator to an unqualified name is deprecated, SyntaxError: cannot use `? Would it be possible, given current technology, ten years, and an infinite amount of money, to construct a 7,000 foot (2200 meter) aircraft carrier? However, using typeof on lexical declarations (let const, and class) in the same block before the line of declaration will throw a ReferenceError. All articles written with by Ire Aderinokun, JavaScript Array Methods - Mutator Methods. Finally, we have Classes. Even with undeclared identifiers, typeof will return "undefined" instead of throwing an error. Well, the typeof operator always returns a string with the type of the operand passed to it. 6.1.6.2 The BigInt Type typeof is an operator that categorizes primitives and helps distinguish them from objects The "typeof null" problem is a holdover from JavaScript's original version. An expression representing the object or primitive whose type is to be returned. "This is a bug and one that unfortunately cant be fixed, because it would break existing code. These are: null and undefined. // Number tries to parse things into numbers, // including values that cannot be type coerced to a number, // note that a number within a string is still typeof string, // String converts anything into a string, safer than toString, // Boolean() will convert values based on if they're truthy or falsy, // two calls of the ! The production UnaryExpression : typeof UnaryExpression is evaluated as follows: As has been pointed out, the spec says so. The following example shows such a variable: Just like the previous example shown above, this value will be undefined as well and so would be the type. In the above examples, it's pretty straightforward what the type of the operands will be. For checking potentially non-existent variables that would otherwise throw a ReferenceError, use typeof nonExistentVar === "undefined" because this behavior cannot be mimicked with custom code. Area Bermain membuat Anda bisa menulis TypeScript atau JavaScript secara daring dengan aman dan bisa dibagikan. The typeof JavaScript operator works with function and object types. typeof null // JavaScript typeof null === 'object'; JavaScript JavaScript 0 null NULL ( 0x00) null 0 typeof "object" ( ) ECMAScript () typeof null === 'null' typeof. in <x {.y} /> , y is an object spread) because JSX doesn't provide syntax for directly passing a . const let const typeof typeof ReferenceError , document.all undefined , document.all 'undefined' ECMA JavaScript , typeof typeof([]) typeof(new Date()) typeof(/abc/) 'object' , typeof obj , ReferenceError typeof nonExistentVar === 'undefined' . Most return objects, with the notable exception being Function, which returns a function. In fact, the ECMAScript specification defines null as the primitive value that represents the intentional absence of any object value (ECMA-262, 11.4.11). The null value is technically a primitive, the way "object" or "number" are primitives. Use //# instead, TypeError: can't assign to property "x" on "y": not an object, TypeError: can't convert BigInt to number, TypeError: can't define property "x": "obj" is not extensible, TypeError: can't delete non-configurable array element, TypeError: can't redefine non-configurable property "x", TypeError: cannot use 'in' operator to search for 'x' in 'y', TypeError: invalid 'instanceof' operand 'x', TypeError: invalid Array.prototype.sort argument, TypeError: invalid assignment to const "x", TypeError: property "x" is non-configurable and can't be deleted, TypeError: Reduce of empty array with no initial value, TypeError: setting getter-only property "x", TypeError: X.prototype.y called on incompatible type, Warning: -file- is being assigned a //# sourceMappingURL, but already has one, Warning: 08/09 is not a legal ECMA-262 octal constant, Warning: Date.prototype.toLocaleFormat is deprecated, Warning: expression closures are deprecated, Warning: String.x is deprecated; use String.prototype.x instead, Warning: unreachable code after return statement. If the resultant type of the expression is, for example, a number, what will be returned is "number". SyntaxError: test for equality (==) mistyped as assignment (=)? Frequently asked questions about MDN Plus, MDN Web Docs , typeof JavaScript , : ECMAScript 2019 typeof , Internet Explorer , JavaScript JavaScript 0 null NULL ( 0x00) null 0 typeof "object" (), ECMAScript () typeof null === 'null' , ECMAScript 2015 typeof typeof 'undefined' typeof , let The type tag for objects was 0. null was represented as the NULL pointer (0x00 in most platforms). Lets get started. This is generally regarded as a mistake. The "typeof null" bug is a remnant from the first version of JavaScript. Position Is Everything: Your Go-To Resource for Learn & Build: CSS,JavaScript,HTML,PHP,C++ and MYSQL. // - Un sitio para aprender TypeScript de manera segura. There were five of them: 000: object. However in JavaScript, it is considered an object, and we can set it to null. BCD tables only load in the browser with JavaScript enabled. bitsofcode. The book "JavaScript: The Good Parts" actually mentions the fact that typeof null === 'object' in section A.6 of appendix A entitled 'Awful Parts'. Site design / logo 2022 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. Aapt2 Error: Check Logs for Details (Reasoning and Solutions), Initializer Element Is Not Constant: Way To Error Elimination, Actioncontroller::invalidauthenticitytoken: A Way To Premium Solutions, Failed To Set up Listener: SocketException: Address Already in Use, OSError: [Errno 48] Address Already in Use: Four Solutions, Link JavaScript to HTML: The Most Straightforward Method to Use, JavaScript Switch Guide: Learn How To Use Switch Seamlessly. The type tags were stored in the lower bits of the units. The application seems to work, in that items are added/removed to/from the list, but in fact it is treating content with a "null" _currentPrincipalId. Array.prototype.push() or Array.prototype.unshift() (See JavaScript Array Methods - Mutator Methods). The type tags were saved in the units' lower bits. In APIs, null is often retrieved in a place where an object can be expected but no object is relevant. Lets see this in the following example. However, its type is not null but object because JavaScript treats null as an empty object: type = typeof null ; console .log (type); Code language: JavaScript (javascript) Technically, JavaScript treats functions as objects. 6.1.6 Numeric Types To my knowledge, you can call methods on anything other than, @peter you cannot call methods on a string primitive, but thankfully string primitives (and number primitives and boolean primitives) are implicitly and automatically "auto-boxed" in String, Number, and Boolean wrappers when you use one of the primitives with a property reference operator (, Since I can't find now the video I'll post this just for curious people and without any reference: Crockford explained how a zero value on resolving type of null pointed to the zero indexed element on the types array, so this was a clear developing bug which the Microsoft guys accidentally propagated when decompiling and recompiling JS for their browser. All articles are written by Ire Aderinokun, frontend developer and user interface designer. Object.is(<null_variable>,null) is an equally reliable way to check for null. typeof null; JavaScript Check if Null Example: typeof null Analysis As discussed earlier, we do not use typeof operator as it determines the type of a value that evaluates to the object. So, the name "Not a Number", doesn't mean that the value is not numeric. Typeof null is object. This is why the typeof a Class, is still just a Function. (logical NOT) operator are equivalent to Boolean(), // use Array.isArray or Object.prototype.toString.call, // to differentiate regular objects from arrays. JavaScript typeof is a keyword used to return the type of a variable. Once discovered, the decision was made to enshrine the bug rather than fix it as changing the output could break existing code that depended on the erroneous behavior. However, Classes have always just been a syntactical wrapper around the function method. https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/null, https://2ality.com/2013/10/typeof-null.html. 2022 Position Is Everything All right reserved, Primitive Data Types Using Typeof in JavaScript, Typeof in JavaScript: Complex Data Values, JavaScript Typeof: Undefined, Empty, Null Values, Emptying an Object by Making it Undefined. The change proposed for typeof null will break existing code. This would typically mean that the type of null should also be "null". Since there is a close resemblance between the undefined and the null value, lets see what makes them different. Summing up, we should keep note of the following: Evidently, JavaScript typeof is useful when you are looking to return the type of a variable. typeof null was never intended to yield anything other than "null". However, this is not the case because of a peculiarity with the way JavaScript was first defined. ( NOT) 2 Boolean() , // Array.isArray Object.prototype.toString.call , // , // obj toPrototypeString() , // ([object HTMLDivElement] ), // (Android 2.3 )