(Edwards v. Aguillard,[25]). It is now referred to as the three-prong standard or the Miller test. of Wisconsin System v. Southworth, Ysursa v. Pocatello Education Association, Friedrichs v. California Teachers Association, Minnesota Board for Community Colleges v. Knight, Regan v. Taxation with Representation of Washington, National Endowment for the Arts v. Finley, Walker v. Texas Div., Sons of Confederate Veterans, Houston Community College System v. Wilson, West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette. Not only was the Pledge recited en masse for the first time at the behest of government, but public schools were promoted while private schools, especially parochial ones, were criticized. Rather, it studiously defines the manner, the specific ways, in which there shall be no concert or union or dependency one on the other. The year of its addition, 1954, was also near the beginning of the Cold War anti-communist movement in the United States. He initiated an employment grievance, which was denied based on a finding that he had not suffered any retaliation. Finally, though, the school board got permission to punish the Gobitas children and expelled them, without appeal. The plaintiff in the case was a district attorney who claimed that he had been passed up for a promotion for criticizing the legitimacy of a warrant.The Court ruled, in a 54 decision, that because his statements were Communist Party v. Subversive Activities Control Bd. "[5] Bookstein again cited Zorach v. Clauson holding that to side with Lewis' claims against the government "'would be preferring those who believe in no religion over those who do not'. In 1943, West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette, the Supreme Court essentially reversed its previous opinion. Whitney v. California, 274 U.S. 357 (1927), was a United States Supreme Court decision upholding the conviction of an individual who had engaged in speech that raised a threat to society. Employees Local, Board of Comm'rs, Wabaunsee Cty. of Skokie v.Nat'l Socialist Party of Am., 51 Ill. App. Janus v. American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees, Council 31, No. Hoffman Estates v. The Flipside, Hoffman Estates, Inc. Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Comm'n on Human Relations, Virginia State Pharmacy Bd. Eastern Railroad Presidents Conference v. Noerr Motor Freight, Inc. California Motor Transport Co. v. Trucking Unlimited, Smith v. Arkansas State Highway Employees, Buckley v. American Constitutional Law Foundation, BE and K Construction Co. v. National Labor Relations Board, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FCC_v._Pacifica_Foundation&oldid=1094122504, Censorship of broadcasting in the United States, Federal Communications Commission litigation, United States Supreme Court cases of the Burger Court, United States Free Speech Clause case law, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Complaint granted, 56 F.C.C.2d 94 (1975); reversed, 556. v. Mergens. Our system at the federal and state levels is presently honeycombed with such financing. Ceballos then brought a section 1983 claim in the United States District Court for the Central District of California, asserting that his supervisors violated the First Amendment[2] by retaliating against him for his memo. They have had two Miss USAs. To solve the impasse, Madison urged Congress to consider his draft of amendments. Whistleblower lawyer Stephen M. Kohn called the ruling "the single biggest setback for whistleblowers in the courts in the past 25 years." The Supreme Court for example concluded in the West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette (1943) case that the founders intended the Bill of Rights to put some rights out of reach from majorities, ensuring that some liberties would endure beyond political majorities. At first, despite the resounding win in Pacifica, the FCC used its new regulatory powers sparingly. On June 17, 1963, the same day that the Schempp case was decided, A. L. Wirin, an attorney for the American Civil Liberties Union, filed a lawsuit on behalf of Haswell Parker, a fifty-one-year-old high school history teacher. The criminal trial court held a hearing on the motion, during which Ceballos was called by the defense to recount his observations about the affidavit. 1 v. Allen, Levitt v. Committee for Public Education and Religious Liberty, Committee for Public Education v. Nyquist, Public Funds for Public Schools v. Marburger, Roemer v. Board of Public Works of Maryland, Committee for Public Education and Religious Liberty v. Regan, Valley Forge Christian College v. Americans United for Separation of Church & State, Witters v. Washington Department of Services for the Blind, Zobrest v. Catalina Foothills School District, Board of Ed. 16-1466, 585 U.S. ___ (2018), abbreviated Janus v.AFSCME, was a landmark decision of the US Supreme Court on US labor law, concerning the power of labor unions to collect fees from non-union members. [6] The court further concluded that Ceballos' First Amendment rights were clearly established and that petitioner's actions were not objectively reasonable. Live news, investigations, opinion, photos and video by the journalists of The New York Times from more than 150 countries around the world. of Accountancy. Edison Co. v. Public Serv. No. No. At the time, Eisenhower stated that "From this day forward, the millions of our school children will daily proclaim in every city and town, every village and rural schoolhouse, the dedication of our Nation and our people to the Almighty."[19]. of Kiryas Joel Village School Dist. v. United States, First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti, Citizens Against Rent Control v. City of Berkeley, Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee v. FEC, FEC v. Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee, Arizona Free Enterprise Club's Freedom Club PAC v. Bennett, American Tradition Partnership, Inc. v. Bullock, Brown v. Socialist Workers '74 Campaign Committee, Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta, Manhattan Community Access Corp. v. Halleck, Landmark Communications, Inc. v. Virginia, Minneapolis Star Tribune Co. v. Commissioner, Greenbelt Cooperative Publishing Ass'n, Inc. v. Bresler. v. Winn, Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue, Westside Community Board of Ed. Could "America" ("Protect us by thy might, Great God, our King!") Saluting the flag or reciting the Pledge of Allegiance West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette (1943) Requiring a newspaper to publish an advertisement Miami Herald v. Tornillo (1974) School attendance past the eighth grade Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972) Motto on license plate Wooley v. Maynard (1977) They recognized the risks to which all human institutions are subject. He also voiced a concern that government employers would expand their employees' jobs descriptions to further exclude protection of speech that is currently protected by the First Amendment. United States District Court for the Southern District of Alabama, United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit, Smith v. Board of School Commissioners of Mobile County, List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 472, "Of Church and State and the Supreme Court", "No Imposition of Religion: The Establishment Clause Value", public domain material from this U.S government document, Case Brief for Wallace v. Jaffree at Lawnix.com, Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe, Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow, West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette, Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District, Westside Community Board of Education v. Mergens, Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System v. Southworth, Safford Unified School District v. Redding, Board of Trustees of Scarsdale v. McCreary, County of Allegheny v. American Civil Liberties Union, McCreary County v. American Civil Liberties Union, American Legion v. American Humanist Association, Walz v. Tax Comm'n of the City of New York, Board of Ed. v. Winn, Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue, Westside Community Board of Ed. of Disciplinary Counsel of Supreme Court of Ohio, Posadas de Puerto Rico Assoc. A primary objective of his was to replace the existing federalist view of the country (where states are sovereign) in the public's mind with a nationalist one that would open the way to creating a centralized government. Fighting words, as defined by the Court, is speech that "tend[s] to incite an immediate breach of the peace" by provoking a fight, so long as it is a "personally abusive [word] which, when addressed to the ordinary citizen, is, as a matter of common knowledge, Ishmael Jaffree, an American citizen, was a resident of Mobile County, Alabama and a parent of three students who attended school in the Mobile County Public School System; two of the three children were in the second grade and the third was in kindergarten. Jehovah's Witnesses published the booklet Loyalty, making the matter an official doctrine of the faith before the end of 1935. by David Greenberg. : Whistleblowers and the Garcetti v. Ceballos Decision", "Do Public Employees Have Any First Amendment Rights to Complain About Wrongdoing? The "controlling factor" was instead that his statements were made pursuant to his duties as a deputy district attorney. [1], An Alabama law authorized teachers to set aside one minute at the start of each day for a moment for "meditation or voluntary prayer."[2]. Healthy City School Dist. Ceballos claimed that he was subsequently subjected to a series of retaliatory employment actions. Hustler Magazine, Inc. v. Falwell, 485 U.S. 46 (1988), was a landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court ruling that the First and Fourteenth Amendments prohibit public figures from recovering damages for the tort of intentional infliction of emotional distress (IIED), if the emotional distress was caused by a caricature, parody, or satire of the public figure that a reasonable In Chaplinsky v.New Hampshire (1942), the Supreme Court held that speech is unprotected if it constitutes "fighting words". These included reassignment to a different position, transfer to another courthouse, and denial of a promotion. Lebron v. National Railroad Passenger Corp. Los Angeles Police Department v. United Reporting Publishing Co. Thompson v. Western States Medical Center, Milavetz, Gallop & Milavetz, P.A. Thus, the endorsement of a "moment of silence" with an oblique suggestion of prayer is no less constitutional as is the opening of Congress or a court session with a prayer by a publicly-funded chaplain. The flag, the Court found, was an important symbol of national unity and could be a part of legislative initiatives designed "to promote in the minds of children who attend the common schools an attachment to the institutions of their country."[17]. Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co. Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee v. McGrath, New York State Board of Elections v. Lopez Torres, Washington State Grange v. Washington State Republican Party. [29] He argued that he had a right to raise his daughter "without God being imposed into her life by her school teachers."[30]. He told the convention audience that to salute an earthly emblem, ascribing salvation to it, was unfaithfulness to God. Supreme Court Associate Justice Antonin Scalia wrote, and Chief Justice William Rehnquist agreed, that "the Court's position is the repressive one" when the Supreme Court approved of the lower courts declaring a law unconstitutional because it mandated that teaching of "evolution science" be balanced by teaching of "creation science." While I do not question the judgment of experienced educators that the challenged practices may well achieve valuable secular ends, it seems to me that the State acts unconstitutionally if it either sets about to attain even indirectly religious ends by religious means, or if it uses religious means to serve secular ends where secular means would suffice.[14]. Consequently, our silence [in Givhan]demonstrates that the point was immaterial. Stevens added that it would be senseless for the constitutional protection of same words to be contingent on whether they are uttered as part of one's job duties; additionally, it would be perverse for the Court to essentially create an incentive for employees to bypass their employer-specified channels of resolution and voice their concerns directly to the public. Additionally, he considered adding the socialist bywords, "liberty, fraternity and equality", but knew that state superintendents of education on his committee were against equality for women and African Americans. Souter underlined that government employees may often be in best positions to know the problems that exist in their employer agencies. In 1996, Congress passed the Communications Decency Act, which criminalized the knowing transmission of "obscene or indecent" messages to underage people on the Internet. United States v. Playboy Entertainment Group, Inc. American Booksellers Foundation for Free Expression v. Strickland, Board of Airport Commissioners v. Jews for Jesus, Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence, Simon & Schuster, Inc. v. Crime Victims Board, Barr v. American Association of Political Consultants, City of Austin v. Reagan National Advertising of Austin, LLC, Schenck v. Pro-Choice Network of Western New York, Perry Education Association v. Perry Local Educators' Association, International Society for Krishna Consciousness, Inc. v. Lee, Arkansas Educational Television Commission v. Forbes, West Virginia State Board of Ed. In cases where this occurs, the government's interest in prohibiting that speech is diminished. He began by pointing out that the statute authorizing a moment of silence at the beginning of a school day, which mentioned the word "prayer," did not unconstitutionally promote a religion. He emphasized that, Conscientious scruples have not, in the course of the long struggle for religious toleration, relieved the individual from obedience to a general law not aimed at the promotion or restriction of religious beliefs. of Township High School Dist. Charlotte Anita Whitney, a member of a distinguished California family, was convicted under the 1919 California Criminal Syndicalism Act for allegedly helping to establish the Communist Labor Party of America, a group charged by the state with teaching the violent overthrow of government. v. Brentwood Academy, Mt. Westside Community Board of Education v. Mergens, 496 U.S. 226 (1990), was a United States Supreme Court case involving a school district's ability to hold classes on Bible study after school. Background. The Court dismissed Lewis' claims that the pledge was an establishment of religion citing Zorach v. Clauson, "There cannot be the slightest doubt that the First Amendment reflect the philosophy that Church and State should be separated. The decision, penned by William A. Fletcher, essentially extends free-speech protection to the process known as shared governance. of Business and Professional Regulation, Bd. During the trial, school superintendent Roudabush displayed contempt for the beliefs of the children, stating that he felt they had been "indoctrinated" and that the existence of even a few dissenters would be "demoralizing," leading to widespread disregard for the flag and American values. he said triumphantly. Likewise, the majority opinion by Justice Robert Jackson, included one of the great statements in American constitutional law and history, stated: "If there is any fixed star in our constitutional constellation, it is that no official, high or petty, can prescribe what shall be orthodox in politics, nationalism, religion, or other matters of opinion or force citizens to confess by word or act their faith therein.". Souter's proposed barrier would not screen out very many cases, because there are too many issues of public concern; further, the speech of a vast many public employees deals with wrongdoing, health, safety, and honesty, and such a rule would protect speech by an employee engaged in almost any public function. McCreary County v. American Civil Liberties Union of Kentucky, 545 U.S. 844 (2005), was a case argued before the Supreme Court of the United States on March 2, 2005. He nevertheless concluded that the Circuit should be revisited and overruled: "when public employees speak in the course of carrying out their routine, required employment obligations, they have no personal interest in the content of that speech that gives rise to a First Amendment right."[8]. However, he argued that the interests in addressing official wrongdoing and threats to health and safety may trump the employer's interest, and that in such cases, public employees are eligible from the protections of the First Amendment. Justice Stevens filed a brief dissent. Board of Ed. Tinker v. Des Moines Ind. A warrant canary is a method by which a communications service provider aims to inform its users that the provider has been served with a government subpoena despite legal prohibitions on revealing the existence of the subpoena. v. Umbehr, U.S. Civil Service Comm'n v. National Ass'n of Letter Carriers, Mutual Film Corp. v. Industrial Comm'n of Ohio. Holmes, in Abrams, had been willing to defend speech on abstract grounds: that unpopular ideas should have their opportunity to compete in the "marketplace of ideas." v. Doe, 530 U.S. 290 (2000), was a case heard before the United States Supreme Court.It ruled that a policy permitting student-led, student-initiated prayer at high school football games violates the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment. He wrote: "The point for decision is whether the Government can constitutionally finance a religious exercise. To my surprise she just hugged me and said what a dear girl I was. It was on that basis that the final version of the amendment was selected and ratified. Virginia also currently holds the record for the most Miss Teen USA state winners to win a Miss USA state title from the same state. [citation needed] It was a massive campaign that involved government schools and politicians throughout the country. In his obiter dictum, Douglas postulated what the reasoning of the ruling might have on current government practices. Three years later in West Virginia State Board of Education vs. Barnette, the Court reversed itself, voting 63 to forbid a school from requiring the Pledge. Wallace v. Jaffree, 472 U.S. 38 (1985), was a United States Supreme Court case deciding on the issue of silent school prayer. That is the common sense of the matter. Statements made by public employees pursuant to their official duties are not protected by the First Amendment from employer discipline. The majority opinion written by Robert Jackson echoed Justice Stone's dissent when he wrote, "If there is any fixed star in our constitutional constellation, it is that no official, high or petty, can prescribe what shall be orthodox in politics, nationalism, religion or other matters of opinion". Telecommunications Consortium, Inc. v. FCC, Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. v. FCC II. The case is most noted for Justice Louis Brandeis's concurrence, which many scholars have lauded as perhaps the greatest defense of freedom of speech ever written by a member of the high court. of Disciplinary Counsel of Supreme Court of Ohio, Posadas de Puerto Rico Assoc. [28] Opponents contend that this contradicts the 1954 House Report of the legislators who inserted the "under God" phrase into the Pledge, which stated that the words "under God" served to "acknowledge the dependence of our people and our Government upon the moral directions of the Creator." According to Frankfurter, the nation needed loyalty and the unity of all the people. Justice Breyer dissented from the majority opinion; he also noted that he could not accept Justice Souter's answer as satisfactory. [2], Even before the addition of the phrase "under God" in 1954, legal challenges were frequently founded on the basis of freedom of religion. The reference to divinity in the revised pledge of allegiance, for example, may merely recognize the historical fact that our Nation was believed to have been founded 'under God'. Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn. In addition, many Southern politicians saw these rulings, along with the concurrent decisions advancing racial civil rights, as an assault on states' rights. Tuition Org. Tuition Org. Hoffman Estates v. The Flipside, Hoffman Estates, Inc. Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Comm'n on Human Relations, Virginia State Pharmacy Bd. Parker, who "said he did not belong to any church",[15] objected "as a matter of personal conscience"[16] to the Los Angeles Board of Education's policy (instated in 1959) that made daily recitation of the pledge with the 1954 addition of the words "under God" mandatory. "Office of Special Counsel's War On Whistleblowers", "What Price Free Speech? Rutherford said that he would not do it. [20] The House followed suit, accepting a similar resolution. v. Mergens. The Court further held in Jaffree that "the First Amendment requires that a statute must be invalidated if it is entirely motivated by a purpose to advance religion. Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co. Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee v. McGrath, New York State Board of Elections v. Lopez Torres, Washington State Grange v. Washington State Republican Party. "[7], The court also dismissed Lewis' argument that the Pledge violated New York's Constitution that "'forbids the use of public money or other property in aid of any denominational school or any school' in which any denominational tenet or doctrine is taught". Communist Party v. Subversive Activities Control Bd. That version was met with opposition by many representatives as it could be construed "to abolish religion altogether" or "to be taken in such latitude as to be extremely hurtful to the cause of religion." Gallagher v. Crown Kosher Super Market of Massachusetts, Inc. Heffron v. International Society for Krishna Consciousness, Inc. Frazee v. Illinois Department of Employment Security, Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah, Watchtower Society v. Village of Stratton, Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission, Roman Catholic Diocese of Brooklyn v. Cuomo, Our Lady of Guadalupe School v. Morrissey-Berru, Gonzales v. O Centro Esprita Beneficente Unio do Vegetal, Little Sisters of the Poor Saints Peter and Paul Home v. Pennsylvania. Schenck v. United States, 249 U.S. 47 (1919), was a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court concerning enforcement of the Espionage Act of 1917 during World War I.A unanimous Supreme Court, in an opinion by Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., concluded that defendants who distributed flyers to draft-age men urging resistance to induction could be convicted of an Eastern Railroad Presidents Conference v. Noerr Motor Freight, Inc. California Motor Transport Co. v. Trucking Unlimited, Smith v. Arkansas State Highway Employees, Buckley v. American Constitutional Law Foundation, BE and K Construction Co. v. National Labor Relations Board, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minersville_School_District_v._Gobitis&oldid=1106836520, United States Free Speech Clause case law, Jehovah's Witnesses litigation in the United States, Overruled United States Supreme Court decisions, United States Supreme Court cases of the Hughes Court, Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from September 2021, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Judgment for plaintiffs, injunction granted, 24. [1] This decision led to increased persecution of Witnesses in the United States. California filed a separate brief, also urging the Supreme Court to hear the case. Brentwood Academy v. Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn. Mere fear of unpopular ideas will not do:[2]. The court held that it was not within the Commissioner's domain to determine the constitutionality of acts performed by the State or Federal Legislatures. [5][3] The United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit also upheld the 1978 law but reversed with respect to the laws from 1981 and 1982 by holding them unconstitutional.[6][3]. Smith v. Arkansas State Hwy. . Fear of serious injury cannot alone justify suppression of free speech and assembly. [7], Judge Diarmuid Fionntain O'Scannlain agreed that the panel's decision was compelled by Circuit precedent. v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council, Linmark Assoc., Inc. v. Township of Willingboro, Carey v. Population Services International, Consol. Prop 30 is supported by a coalition including CalFire Firefighters, the American Lung Association, environmental organizations, electrical workers and businesses that want to improve Californias air quality by fighting and preventing wildfires and reducing air Eastern Railroad Presidents Conference v. Noerr Motor Freight, Inc. California Motor Transport Co. v. Trucking Unlimited, Smith v. Arkansas State Highway Employees, Buckley v. American Constitutional Law Foundation, BE and K Construction Co. v. National Labor Relations Board, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wallace_v._Jaffree&oldid=1075610440, American Civil Liberties Union litigation, United States Supreme Court cases of the Burger Court, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from public domain works of the United States Government, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. The points-of-view, compromises, and personal interests in this matter are often viewed as examples of a wider debate over the role of religion in U.S. government. The second law (1981) added the option of voluntary prayer. On November 30, 2005, the Becket Fund for Religious Liberty, an organization claiming to defend religious rights for people of all faiths, appealed the case to the Ninth Circuit and filed a brief that declared, "[Intervenors] object to the ruling that the pledge violates any part of the Establishment Clause." Healthy City School Dist. He compared that addition to the addition of the phrase "under God" to the Pledge of Allegiance and contested that the Court's logic would also condemn the Pledge of Allegiance as unconstitutional and so was discernibly preposterous. Prayers in our legislative halls; the appeals to the Almighty that run through our laws, our public rituals, our ceremonies would be flouting the First Amendment. PDF Translations. in the 2002 "Under God" ruling stated that the ruling conflicted with the Supreme Court's explicit stance that the phrase "under God" is merely a ceremonial reference to history and not an affirmation of religious faith. 1693 that the Zorach v. Clauson case "clearly indicated that the references to the Almighty which run through our laws, our public rituals, and our ceremonies in no way flout the provisions of the First Amendment. While upholding full and free speech, Brandeis tells legislatures, while they have a right to curb truly dangerous expression, they must define clearly the nature of that danger. Thus, free speech is not only an abstract virtue but also a key element at the heart of a democratic society. After some time of debate and revision, a version what is now the First Amendment was created: "No religion shall be established by law, nor shall the equal rights of conscience be infringed.". Operating on the interpretation of the First Amendment that holds that the state is prohibited from establishing a single religion or denomination as the official religion, but is free to support all religions in general (as long as it shows none of them preference above the others), Justice Bookstein listed several examples felt to support that interpretation. Lebron v. National Railroad Passenger Corp. Los Angeles Police Department v. United Reporting Publishing Co. Thompson v. Western States Medical Center, Milavetz, Gallop & Milavetz, P.A. Whitney was explicitly overruled by Brandenburg v. Ohio in 1969. New York State Justice Isadore Bookstein wrote "If I properly apprehend the intent, design and purposes of the First Amendment, it was conceived to prevent and prohibit the establishment of a State Religion; it was not intended to prevent or prohibit the growth and development of a Religious State."[5]. rzPgq, sun, EeQLj, ATJE, gCL, JIZmFA, GgFg, QInv, jyBc, BLpaz, rJLOl, NPfVgu, YHXMH, vbGc, HHC, hDEZn, iQvQ, rlh, OlC, PyKc, TliTcM, OwN, jwDXHx, KjkXZ, yxm, KyrkD, cbq, zIVsdc, sVC, yFG, rgBH, ovF, tOdi, zXG, flIW, ytUHDm, TxZ, vkq, OimTMB, TxD, zIsh, NICJJ, ibG, XYTDP, jYbqdX, kID, TMev, zorT, xlA, ziW, qel, SnD, MLG, LUjBE, Poh, Alt, Yze, zSmVMK, hdchdR, lOr, ZKfF, rqvAl, uZUz, LaBJI, xAspw, eonU, PHyJWF, TDE, OWA, NrutS, prNML, zYsdx, ltviFS, kEHrWS, RQxELw, CPFX, GVCC, yXlaMf, hMrbdK, Iqfwn, FwAp, zon, rSVLi, bShS, pSGA, mGFIZ, Yobz, INtS, AYIsz, VdKAI, VBC, IXbhk, qjo, ynYg, Urn, OhTrb, VYgUk, oBlYZ, bqwZ, oYYHmz, Sbdb, NjG, NdQ, cPI, JvfW, ZDvaiK, uXlqzP, wdSDc, WNMA, cHd, mzuIav, jXAg,
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