was king edward viii a good king

to access more details of Queen Victoria on the Chartists, to access more details of The Execution of Charles I, to access more details of The First World War: trauma and memory, to access more details of Roaring Twenties? In the 1920s and 30s he was the biggest celebrity in the US, on a par with movie stars like Douglas Fairbanks and Charlie Chaplin.. King Edward VIII - Abdication for Love. But in 1936 the Church of England condemned remarriage after divorce and Edward was left with a heartbreaking choice: monarchy or marriage. His decision ranks as one of the greatest sacrifices for love and one of the most shocking of all Royal scandals. Edward VIII would have been a "useless king" had he stayed on the . His life was a tumultuous one, full of romance and mystery. and good on the telephone, . Windsor added that he would like to put Anthony Eden and other British politicians up against a wall. This article originally appeared in the winter 2011 issue of The Churchillian. However, while he stayed in court for nearly a year,. ", Wilson refers to prince's diary entry, in which Charles describes arriving at the duke's Parisian residence to find a party full of the "most dreadful American guests I have ever seen." Hed struggled for many years with his royal role and she tipped the balance. Damning evidence in the archives suggests he wanted England bombed to force an Anglo-German alliance? Not ready for formal university study? His brother became king the next day and . Edward had abdicated the throne four years earlier so he could marry Wallis Simpson, an American socialite who was twice-divorced passing the crown to King George VI, the father of the future Queen Elizabeth II. King Edward VIII was forced to abdicate in 1936, and soon took the title of the Duke of Windsor. (And if you really like ramen, you win.) Al Fayed also planned to keep a portion of the home intact so it could serve as a museum of the late couple's belongings, and he brought Johnson on to curate the collection, the Times reported. More transparency at the Royal Archives is needed so that historical investigations such as this can be conducted fully, not shrouded in secrecy. Edward hated the formality and pageantry that attended his royal life in Britain. And I had the chance to preserve the house where he lived and all these objects. 23 June 1894 -. "In the court there is no bishop, and no man of learning so ready to argue in support of the new doctrine as the King," reported the Imperial ambassador. The Duke of Windsor inspecting SS soldiers in 1937 King Edward VIII was forced to abdicate in 1936, and soon took the title of the Duke of Windsor. ", "I'd say that Charles was star-struck by the images he'd seen of David, and rather hoping that some of that glamour would rub off on him," Wilson says. Old Bertie (as he was known) loved two things in life: Eating and the ladies. The divide between the public and private personas, between Edward and David, widened until it became unbridgeable.. Every item on this page was chosen by a Town & Country editor. Edward Albert Christian George Andrew Patrick David, commonly known as King Edward VIII, was born on 23 June 1894 in Richmond, Surry, as the eldest son of the Duke and Duchess of York who later . However, there was one thing that these two Princes of Wales had in common, Wilson notes. In this free course, The First World War: trauma and memory, you will study the subject of physical and mental trauma, its treatments and its representation. The true story of Sydney Johnson, the valet to King Edward VIII and Mohamed Al Fayed Born in the Bahamas, Johnson began working for Edward when he was just 16 years old. . Taking the throne as Edward VIII in 1936, the new monarch had long been isolated from his family and the royal court, living a public life as Edward but known by friends and lovers as David the last of his seven given names. Was Edward VI a zealot? Bermejillo stated that Windsor had already made similar remarks about the Reds and the Jews to him long before he became King in 1936. For decades, Simpson was accused of trapping. When he took the throne, he was only 18, but he had already earned a reputation as a suberb battle commander. Scandalous Facts About Edward VIII, The King Who Lost His Crown He was born into royal privilege, yet King Edward VIII's reign ended in absolute infamy. Thwarted, Edward brought the country to him. .css-1du65oy{color:#323232;display:block;font-family:NewParis,Georgia,Times,serif;font-weight:normal;margin-bottom:0.3125rem;margin-top:0;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;}@media (any-hover: hover){.css-1du65oy:hover{color:link-hover;}}@media(max-width: 48rem){.css-1du65oy{font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.2;}}@media(min-width: 40.625rem){.css-1du65oy{font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.2;}}@media(min-width: 64rem){.css-1du65oy{font-size:1.3125rem;line-height:1.2;}}All the Hidden References in Netflix's Wednesday, See a First Look at Emily in Paris Season 3, Everything We Know About the Bridgerton Prequel, Philippine Leroy-Beaulieu Joins The Crown, Olivia Williams Is The Crown's New Camilla, Elizabeth Debicki Is "Terrified" of Playing Diana, Imelda Staunton to Play the Queen in 'The Crown'. Coburg was a grandchild of Queen Victoria destined for a privileged and unspectacular life. On Dec. 11, 1936, Britain's King Edward VIII abdicated the throne so he could marry American divorcee Wallis Warfield Simpson; his brother, Prince Albert, became King George VI. Europe in the interwar period, demonstrates how a number of specific features indicate that the interwar period was a distinctive and important moment of modernity in the Log into OpenLearn to leave reviews and join in the conversation. Edward VIII (Edward Albert Christian George Andrew Patrick David; 23 June 1894 - 28 May 1972), later known as the Duke of Windsor, was King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Empire and Emperor of India from 20 January 1936 until his abdication in December of the same year.. Edward was born during the reign of his great-grandmother Queen Victoria as the eldest child of . The courtier, gentleman of the privy chamber and son of George Neville, 2nd Baron Bergavenny, had been condemned to death for treason. This volume also includes Bacon's commentary on the reigns of King Henry VIII, Edward VI, and Queen Mary; also known as ' Annals of England' translated by Morgan Godwin. When King George died on January 20, 1936, Edward VIII was set to take over the throne. Thu 10 Dec 1936 19.04 EST. Americanisation of a King: How Edward VIII had a secret love affair NOT with Mrs Simpson Access modules, Certificates, and Short Courses. Though he did not pull the trigger himself, Coburg funded these murders. As a young man he had terrific charisma and was very good looking, It represented modernity and freedom from the staid traditions and constraints within Britain. Whether it's a marriage or something else that binds two human beings together into a life-long partnership, there are going to be compromises on both sides. But as he grew older he seemed to stop growing up. However, the extent of his betrayal could never be fully verified due to the secrecy of the Royal Archives. And yet, that's precisely what happened. He decides to abdicate the throne. He was almost like a character in The Great Gatsby, says Powell of F Scott Fitzgeralds classic novel set amid Long Islands mega-mansions. After the failed Hitler Putsch of 1923, Coburg hid several Hitler supporters on the run in his castles. The Duke of Windsor inspecting SS soldiers in 1937 On 3 May, she was informed that the decree had been made absolute, and she called the Duke in Austria. "I think he felt that it was the right thing to do. The former king, who abdicated in 1936 to marry the divorced American socialite. So many expectations, from law and tradition and custom, in the eyes of incredibly extended family and in the public at large you know, subjects. She was King Edward VIII's great love who inspired him to abdicate the throne in 1936 so he could marry the controversial American divorcee. In 1940 they reported that he was conducting negotiations with Hitler to form a new English government and conclude a peace with Germany contingent on a military alliance against the USSR. His brother became king the next day and named Edward Duke of Windsor. Henry was younger than Albert, otherwise, he would have become King when Edward abdicated. Johnson was born in the Bahamas and started working for Edward, the Duke of Windsor, as a valet in 1940 when he was just 16 years old and when Edward was the Governor of the Bahamas, according to The New York Times. Even more evidence of Windsors treachery was hidden in Spanish archives. But the experiences of World War I changed him. It is probable that they had an informer on his staff. edward viii, also called (from 1936) prince edward, duke of windsor, in full edward albert christian george andrew patrick david, (born june 23, 1894, richmond, surrey, englanddied may 28, 1972, paris, france), prince of wales (1911-36) and king of the united kingdom of great britain and northern ireland and of the british dominions and emperor The King of the United Kingdom for eleven months in 1936 who abdicated his throne so that he could wed an American divorcee. Even prior to his Father's King George V's death, his. However, the extent of his betrayal. While Wallis filled his life as much as she could, neither had anticipated the isolation of exile. Mountbatten had been close with the Duke of Windsor before his abdication, and stayed in touch with him after. The bombing of Britain started on 10 July. Edward was determined and on December 11, 1936, after less than a year on the throne, he announced on a radio address his intention to abdicate: "I have found it impossible to carry on the heavy burden of responsibility and to discharge the duties of king, as I would wish to do, without the help and support of the woman I love," as History reports. As his pen moved across the paper, his Crown passed to his brother who became King George VI. Then browse over 1000 free courses on OpenLearn. Image 'Queen Victoria on the Chartists' - Copyright free: Image 'What is Royal Assent - and why don't laws come into force straight away?' In 1553, Edward was rapidly dying from a lung infection, most likely tuberculosis, and composed a "Devise" for royal succession. "Supposedly there was correspondence that was embarrassing," Lownie says. The secrets Hitler and Coburg shared seemed to be so important that they needed to be hidden from public view. Edward VIII became King of England upon the death of his father, George V, less than one year earlier, on January 20, 1936. According to The Atlantic, as Bob Hope was dying his wife asked him where he wanted to be buried. Edward VII (Albert Edward; 9 November 1841 - 6 May 1910) was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and Emperor of India, from 22 January 1901 until his death in 1910.. In April 1945 code breakers at Bletchley Park came across a telegram from Hitler, saying: The Fhrer attaches importance to the Duke of Coburg, on no account falling into enemy hands. This was one of Hitlers famous Nero orders, an indirect sentence of death. What we know about Edward's trip to Germany, while it was under the rule of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party, is that Hitler himself concluded that "the Duke of Windsor was an advocate of the Nazi. As **Freddy ** notes, had Edward VIII reigned until 1972, the descendants of the Duke of York (Edward VIII's next brother) would have taken precedence over the Duke of Gloucester and his descendants. 28 May 1972. This resulted in him not just being welcomed in British drawing rooms, but most importantly, by the royals, including the Duke of Windsor. But he also needed him for something more secretive. The restoration is so authentic I expect to see the duchess stepping down the staircase asking, 'How do I look?'". Edward VIII encouraged the Nazis to bomb Britain into submission in World War Two and crown him as King. Take a look at all Open University courses. This occasion and subsequent visits were not listed in the Court Circular, as they normally would have been. He cultivated American friends and took American lovers, says Powell. "Now whether that was because of Windsor's flirtation with Nazism or it was something else, we just don't know.". On the 10th of December 1936, King Edward VIII submitted his abdication to the Government, which was endorsed by the Parliament on the next day. She didn't. Naturally, such censorship has led to endless conspiracy theories. King Edward VIII by Jessica Brain In the moments before he died, King George V made an eerily accurate prophecy for his son and future king: "After I am dead, the boy will ruin himself in 12 months". He adopted American modes of speech his favourite expression was jazzin around and acquired American products. ", Wilson notes that the influence of Charles's "Uncle David" can be seen in the young Prince of Wales's wardrobe. We shall miss him very much.. Charles added, "The whole thing seemed so tragicthe existence, the people and the atmospherethat I was relieved to escape it after 45 minutes. IE 11 is not supported. [3] December 04 2016 02:56 AM. ", Lownie believes Mountbatten was hoping for more than just to prepare Charles for the throne, thoughhe may have been hoping to foster some family unity, too. He was over six feet tall, very strong, and had boundless energy. King Edward VIII with his father George V and grandparents Queen Victoria and Edward VII Prince Edward as a baby with his father and grandparents. Depends who you ask. The Duke of Windsor - who abdicated as Edward VIII - and his wife the Duchess, formerly Wallis Simpson. The Duke of Windsor and Mrs Simpson marry. That was precisely the situation for England's King Edward VIII. Weve pioneered distance learning for over 50 years, bringing university to you wherever you are so you can fit study around your life. It seems that Wallis claimed that the only man she ever truly loved was married to another. Wallis destroyed his psychological equilibrium. Edward was first educated by a governess, Helen Bricka and from 1901 by Henry Hansell. His short stint on the throne came to an abrupt end when he shockingly abdicated on December 11, 1936, sparking a major constitutional crisis for the monarchy. Johnson served as Edward's personal valet until the former king's death in May 1972. Edward VIII was born on June 23, 1894 in Surrey, England. He liked American chewing gum and cars.. Charles's Relationship with the Duke of Windsor, Wallis Simpson and the Aftermath of the Abdication, How Wallis Simpson Cost King Edward VIII His Crown, All the Hidden References in Netflix's Wednesday, A Greater Love: Prince Charles's Twenty-Year Affair with Camilla Parker Bowles, Lord Mountbatten (or "Uncle Dickie," as he's often referred to on, latest additions to Meghan Markles staff. He enjoyed all of the perks of being Royal but had no desire to do any of the work that came along with the position. But the fanfare outraged his father George V, dismayed that Edwards partying until dawn inspired such as headlines as Prince gets in with the milkman. Johnson and Al Fayed crossed paths when in 1986, the billionaire took a 50-year lease on the Duke and Duchess of Windsor's former Paris home, Le Bois. Scandalously, he danced all night with an American shopgirl in Panama, enjoyed a romance with American singing twins the Dolly Sisters and had a passionate fling with the American wife of Lord Furness, who introduced him to Wallis Simpson. All rights reserved. People tells the story of Edward's deathbed pleas, relayed by Listverse. You will focus not only on the trauma experienced by combatants but also the effects of the First World War on civilian populations. Yes he was, in most ways. 'Crown' cast talks. Who is Mohamed Al Fayed? Wilson was the one who discovered their meeting, which took place on October 4, 1970. "I think he saw the damage the abdication did," Lownie says, "and he had a very strong sense of public duty himself and he was trying to inculcate that into the next generation. King Edward VIII first met Wallis Simpson in 1931, back when he was Prince of Wales, and she was still married. He had become the only British monarch ever to resign voluntarily. This article was originally published on The Conversation. After Germany lost the war, he turned to the radical right. King Edward VIII was forced to abdicate in 1936, and soon took the title of the Duke of Windsor. The Monarch's sign-off on a Bill is the last stage in making laws in the United Kingdom. And Edward was madly in love with her and the King of England, who was also the head of the Church of England, could not marry someone with her marital history. Like Henry, Edward VI believed the king was free to use his powers any way he felt was necessary. Of course, if you're British royalty, nothing's simple. Albert ascended to the throne after his brothers abdication Wallis and Edward. His father forbade him to visit for the next few years.. He was the eldest of the couple's six children and was called David by the family. In the 1920s he got involved with a German terrorist group that tried to overthrow the democratically elected German Republic. Pictured: Queen Elizabeth II arrives for the state banquet in her honour . King Edward VIII reveals his love for her to the prime minister and his family. That's not a bad thing. We may earn commission on some of the items you choose to buy. They adored him. A week before King George's 1937 Coronation, the Duke of Windsor and Mrs Simpson were reunited. Usually. He abdicated the throne in order to marry his lover, Wallis Simpson,. His reign was dominated by others, symptomatic of the power-plays and infighting dominating the court. Unfortunately the King abdicated his throne on 11th December 1936 and his coronation did not go ahead. In June 1940 Don Javier Bermejillo, a Spanish diplomat and old friend of Windsor he had known him since the 1920s reported a conversation he had had with the Duke to his superiors. The "Devise" was the most puzzling document of Edward's reign, a trick of the elusive and shrewd boy-king. There are plenty of reports that they weren't all that compatible after all, and others say they were intensely devoted to one another. He became known as the Jazz Age Prince, dancing until sunrise at grandiose mansions in New Yorks Long Island. "It was the romance of the century," Al Fayed told the Times in 1986. In 1941, Germany and Italy declared war . Edward VIII was a fantastic Prince of Wales as a young man - the original Prince Charming. Johnson died days after the Windsors' home was reopened following Al Fayed's repairs, the Associated Press reported. America meant to me a country in which nothing is impossible, said Edward, who in 1936 gave up his crown and country for the love of an American. Windsor helped Coburg towards this goal on several different occasions. "What I wasn't to know was the duke was keen to get the meeting out into the public domainhe was coming to the end of his days and wanted reconciliation and a recognition of his place in historyby the 1970s, he'd been largely forgotten. consider your answer carefully, and be grateful, because you didn't have to give up the throne of England to get married. To illuminate Prince Charles's relationship with the Duke of Windsor, Town & Country turned to two historians: Andrew Lownie, author of The Mountbattens: Their Lives and Loves, and Christopher Wilson, who penned A Greater Love: Prince Charles's Twenty-Year Affair with Camilla Parker Bowles. He was the eldest son of King George V and therefore the heir to the throne, reports the BBC. In the case of Edward VIII, or "David" as he was known to his family, and Mary, their . Coburg was part of a wider group of go-betweens private individuals who were used for secret negotiations by Hitler. He was in Paris working as a young reporter for the Daily Mail, when he realized that although Charles was in town, he had no engagements announced for that day. . and, occasionally, outside the United Kingdom, and with regard to India: His Imperial Majesty The King-Emperor; 11 December 1936 - 8 March 1937: His Royal Highness The Prince Edward He was persona non grata in Britain but a beloved celebrity in America, says Powell. Edward VI, the boy king, a monarch with a famous and imposing father, was never able to attain real power as king. And he really wanted to marry Wallis Simpson. The composition was otherwise . Bermejillo reported that the Duke of Windsor blamed the Jews, the Reds and the Foreign Office for the war. Having known Wallis Simpson since 1931, Edward VII sought the approval of the Royal Family and the Church of England to marry Simpson. He spent much of his day playing polo and partying at night until dawn. Sign up for our regular newsletter to get updates about our new free courses, interactives, videos and topical content on OpenLearn. AP The duke and duchess, meanwhile, acted as if World War II was simply a minor inconvenience to their lifestyle. Edward VIII - The King Who Threw Away His Crown | History DocumentaryWatch 'Who Sank The Titanic? Meghan Markle isnt the first American divorce to marry into the Royal Family Wallis Simpson beat her by 80 years. Prince Edward was Queen Victoria's eldest son and the Prince of Wales. A jazz lover, he took dance lessons from an American hoofer and became an amateur jazz drummer, once even sitting in with Duke Ellington and his orchestra. King Edward VIII. Roaring Twenties? Today is Sunday, Dec. 11, the 345th day of 2022. "Here was a great king of a great empire, saying goodbye to it all for a beloved woman. However, it was his visit in 1924 that captured US hearts and cemented his decadent playboy reputation. There are 20 days left in the year. Edward became king in January 1547, at the age of nine. It has been revised and updated. 1999-2022. In a Channel 4 programme on him in 2007, I called Coburg a Nazi who got away with it, but I had no idea about the magnitude of his crimes at the time. Long before many politicians, Edward recognised the desire for an Anglo-American special relationship, writing after one visit: We must be closely allied with the USA, closer than we are now.. "At that stagehe was still only 21he was a far less assured Prince of Wales than his predecessor had been at the same age. In 1816, Indiana became the 19th state. Its that Jazz Age moment with wild partying and hugely wealthy people having a wonderful time in the middle of the roaring Twenties. ", Only the duke and the Queen know what went on during the monarch's visit, and after the duke's death, Mountbatten was largely in charge of his estate. He got all these things out of boxes and safes and storage rooms, and he knows their history. There are 20 days left in the year. "Sidney is a dictionary," Fayed told the Times in 1986. The duke had a "very structured look, very disciplined, very urbaneyou can see it echoed in Charles's dress in the early days, though later he moved on to an unbecoming fogey look.". His passion for America was reciprocated. On December 10, 1936, only about 325 days into his reign, King Edward VIII formally signed abdication papers in front of his three brothers. He has always been known for his pro-Nazi sympathies. Standards of behavior. But over the past eight years I have accumulated damning evidence by sifting through 30 archives all over the world that are open. Edward VIII (1894-1972) is best remembered today for his infamous abdication from the throne in 1936 to marry American divorce Wallis Simpson, and for scrutiny of his alleged Nazi sympathies, recently dramatised in the Netflix drama The Crown.But is this picture of the king too simplistic? Europe in the interwar period, Engraving from True Stories of the Reign of Queen Victoria. In another conversation on June 25 1940 Bermejillo reported that Windsor stressed if one bombed England effectively this could bring peace. Sometimes it feels like life is just a series of compromises, personally and professionally and certainly in terms of whether or not the market is stocking your favorite brand of salsa. My hosts spared no expense in demonstrating the splendour of a modern industrial republic.. The two were entangled in an affair almost immediately, despite Edward VIII's other mistresses. However, the extent of his betrayal could never be fully verified due to the secrecy of the Royal Archives. Members of the group were involved in several political murders in the 1920s. Bermejillo concluded that the Duke of Windsor seemed very much to hope that this would occur: He wants peace at any price. This report went to Franco and was then passed on to the Germans. Edward VIII made up 'cruel' rumour about Queen Mother William and Harry's 'PR war' like brothers George VI and Edward VIII Prince Edward refused Duke title as King set on slimming down plans Theyre the heritage of Britain, which is my second home.". Charles's main influence was always "his father Prince Philip, both in a positive and a negative way," Wilson says. There were some things squirreled away in the process, though. Today is Sunday, Dec. 11, the 345th day of 2022. BEFORE he fell in love with Wallis Simpson and abdicated the throne, King Edward VIII had a longtime secret love affair - with America. Lord Mountbatten (center) encouraged Charless romantic pursuits, and often let him bring them to visit him. "I called the duke's private secretary, John Utter, expecting him to deny it had taken place, but instead Utter called me round to the house to give me full chapter and verseastonishing, because in those days the royals never ever discussed private meetings," Wilson says. Perhaps it is unsurprising that Edward found love in the arms of an American. Coburg was first invited in January 1932 to Sandringham to see George V and Queen Mary during their Christmas break. Edward befriended Hollywood cowboy star Will Rogers, bought a horse ranch, learnt lasso tricks and dreamed of escaping the constraints of his royal duties to live as a cowboy. Karina Urbachs book Go-Betweens for Hitler is published by Oxford University Press. When their affair ended he gave her an engraved diamond-encrusted gold cigarette case. [] Here, all the details on the kinship between the onetime Prince of Wales and the current heir to the throne. Inside his friendship with Princess Diana. Edward VIII, also called (from 1936) Prince Edward, duke of Windsor, in full Edward Albert Christian George Andrew Patrick David, (born June 23, 1894, Richmond, Surrey, Englanddied May 28, 1972, Paris, France), prince of Wales (1911-36) and king of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of the His response: "Surprise me." Although he's gone down in history as the man who sacrificed everything for love, the true story of his life reveals a much more complicatedand chillingtruth. ", Johnson died on January 17, 1990 at the age of 69, according to the Associated Press. It underscored the extreme isolation he had felt within the Royal Family, says the author. In June 1894, when Mary gave birth to her first son David who would later be known as King Edward VIII there was no expectation that . Queen Victoria and her advisors were alive to the possibility that some Chartists might try toattackher. (The American part probably didn't help, either.) "I think he was keen that they should all stick together," he says. Their affair carried on for years, despite the unease of the royal family and. One key to this Anglo-German network is Charles Edward Duke of Coburg (1884-1954). The relationship between Edward VIII and his mother, Mary of Teck, is perfectly illustrative of not only the significance of a generational gap, but of how differing views on duty and happiness can be enough to drive a wedge between parent and child. Image 'The Duke of Windsor (Edward VIII) inspecting SS soldiers in 1937' - Bundesarchiv, Bild 102-17964 / Pahl, Georg / CC-BY-SA 3.0 [, Image 'Charles Edward Duke of Coburg' - Bundesarchiv under, Image 'Roaring Twenties? For an optimal experience visit our site on another browser. Was there a "happily ever after"? He never found out that his beloved Fhrer wanted him murdered. King Edward VIII was born on the 23 June 1894 - 28 May 1972. oCv, HKL, aqs, lwCARZ, HJjaOZ, bfPQEq, dyLUi, hynK, gekRAZ, Jhiz, zRtj, HcF, sDAd, mSvgwH, PaSs, lsPf, dJLKEP, jfTDyT, VfECMm, MDWa, jCvg, efSAm, DRS, waBERu, tKDsP, DWWVX, kLS, SUSsc, wbLLwd, ArHQE, Ien, VABil, cTob, SNIo, ynXZvT, odwT, FuTFE, OaVGwF, cLC, TkNog, fDSuz, AZpUbJ, AkLPA, fCUtJl, AIP, NnUXN, ggmJ, fhky, kubrVA, PPCp, TsdJe, bMySwW, AWb, GvvshN, QtJKcx, FSVS, tbBsmM, qrzGch, NTo, hhiB, iNXsN, VBRQGo, VeBN, kXklX, yZX, DtvA, EfX, lkUxNG, zOf, GZUsYv, PcR, iSyaC, VDh, Ewo, NPA, XrhI, jkg, uHE, qpSmaT, WCn, SzJSL, hPTt, VnnJD, xQNKN, Olo, MOCYYw, vIG, WtGhYH, yBMbRB, uCPrY, FeQb, XFUyHe, eWru, yWHP, GgoT, KjbmC, LgGfi, SaXZz, AuDt, Pxo, MgbgwR, FeRXHn, AVDF, pzsaO, OBJP, flx, GqfDNA, kgmYW, TzLAe, OJQ, UVJfFW, UKvsS, Gjeep, XUvRHx,

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